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Difference between revisions of "Calotropis gigantea - Arka plant"

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{{stub}}
 
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[[File:"Calotropis flower".JPG|thumb|right|'' Sadapushpa'', ''Mandara'', ''Calotropis flower'']]
 
[[File:"Calotropis flower".JPG|thumb|right|'' Sadapushpa'', ''Mandara'', ''Calotropis flower'']]
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'''Calotropis procera''' is a large shrub growing to 4m tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in color. This plant is belongs to Aslepiacea family.
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It is a large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in color. Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small "crown" rising from the center which holds the stamens. The aestivation found in calotropis is valvate i.e. sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping. The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The latex of Calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, and calcium oxalate.
 
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==Uses==
 
==Uses==
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{{Uses|Rheumatism}}, {{Uses|painful joints}}, {{Uses|Skin blemishes}}, {{Uses|Leucoderma}}, {{Uses|vitiligo}}, {{Uses|Piles}}, {{Uses|Pain in ears}}<ref name="Uses"/>
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{{Uses|Rheumatism}}, {{Uses|Painful joints}}, {{Uses|Skin blemishes}}, {{Uses|Leucoderma}}, {{Uses|Vitiligo}}, {{Uses|Piles}}, {{Uses|Pain in ears}}<ref name="Uses"/>
  
 
==Parts Used==
 
==Parts Used==
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{{Parts Used|Root tubers}}.
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{{Parts Used|Roots}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|Flowers}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Latex}}.
  
 
==Chemical Composition==
 
==Chemical Composition==
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Atisine, Aconitine, Atisenol, Atidine, Hetisine, Hetisinone, Banzolheteratisine, Histidine, F-dihydroatisine, Heteratisine and Several diterpene alkaloids such aheterophyllin, heterophyllisin, heterophyllidine, and hetidine.<ref name="chemical composition"/>
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The milky sap contains a complex mix of chemicals, some of which are steroidal heart poisons known as "cardiac aglycones".<ref name="Chemical Composition"/>
  
 
==Common names==
 
==Common names==
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{{Common names|kn=Ativisa|ml=Ativisam|sa=Ativisha|ta=Atividyam|te=Ati visa|hi=Atis|en=Indian Atees}}
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{{Common names|sa=Bhaanu, Ravi, Tapana, Arka|en=Aakado|gu=Aakado|hi=Aak, Akavana, Madar|kn=Ekka, Ekkadagida, Ekkegida|ks=Vasa|ml=Erikku|mr=Rui|pa=Ak|ta=Erukku, Vellerukku|te=Jilledu}}<ref name="Common names"/>
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==Properties==
 +
Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
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===Dravya===
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===Rasa===
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Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)
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===Guna===
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Laghu (Light), Sara, Snigdha
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===Veerya===
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Ushna (Hot)
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===Vipaka===
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Katu (Pungent)
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===Karma===
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Vatahara, Kaphahara, Bhedana, [[Deepana]], Kshamighna
 +
 
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===Prabhava===
  
 
==Habit==
 
==Habit==
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{{Habit|Herb}}
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{{Habit|Large shrub}}
  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
 
===Leaf===
 
===Leaf===
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{{Leaf|glabrous|sessile|The leaves are variable in shape and size}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
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{{Leaf|Simple|Opposite|Elliptic-ovate to obovate,  greyish-green in colour and have entire margins, relatively thick (5-30 cm long and 4-15 cm wide) with a cordate leaf base. Secondary veins 5-7 pairs}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
  
 
===Flower===
 
===Flower===
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{{Flower|Unisexual|2-4cm long|white–violet|10-18|Flowers are Large, hooded and occur in slender racemes or lax leafy panicles. Corolla is hairy. Carpels are five in number}}
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{{Flower|Borne in clusters|15-25 mm across|White or Purplish|Five|Flowering occurs mostly during winter}}
  
 
===Fruit===
 
===Fruit===
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{{Fruit||7–10 mm (0.28–0.4 in.) long pome||s|}}
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{{Fruit|Large|6-12 cm long and 3-7 cm wide||These fruit have thick and spongy skins which split open at maturity|Flattened seeds|}}
  
 
===Other features===
 
===Other features===
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==Where to get the saplings==
 
==Where to get the saplings==
 
==Mode of Propagation==
 
==Mode of Propagation==
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Tuber segment}}.
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}},  {{Propagation|Layering}}.
  
 
==How to plant/cultivate==
 
==How to plant/cultivate==
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The more common species of Aconitum are generally those cultivated in gardens, especially hybrids. They typically thrive in well-drained evenly moist garden soils like the related hellebores and delphiniums, and can grow in the shade of trees.<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
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Succeeds in the drier tropics. Most commonly found in areas of the tropics with a specific dry season, at elevations up to 1,000 metres.<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
  
 
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
 
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
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{{Commonly seen|western Himalayas}}, {{Commonly seen|open woodland}}, {{Commonly seen|moisty soil area}}.
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{{Commonly seen|Tropical area}}, {{Commonly seen|Indian subcontinent}}.
  
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
 
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
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File:Aconitum napellus01.jpg|
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File:Starr 010701-9001 Calotropis procera.jpg|''Calotropis procera'' fruit
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File:Aconitum-reclinatum01.jpg|Trailing white monkshood (''A. reclinatum)''
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File:Calotropis giganteaRHu3.JPG|Buds
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File:Aconitum-uncinatum01.jpg|Southern blue monkshood (''A. uncinatum'')
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File:C. gigantea.JPG|Leaves
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File:Alaskan Monkshood Leaf.jpg|Wild Alaskan monkshood (''A. delphinifolium'') is a flowering species that belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.  
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File:Starr 070730-7945 Calotropis gigantea.jpg|Floral tassels made from ''Calotropis'' flowers.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
<references>
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<ref name="Leaf">Kappatagudda - A Repertoire of Medicinal Plants of Gadag pdf, Page no - 91</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Calotropis+gigantea Cultivation Details]</ref>
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<ref name="Uses">[https://www.bimbima.com/herbs/medicinal-uses-of-madar-or-arka/688/ Medicinal uses of Madar]</ref>
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<ref name="Chemical Composition">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241039494_Chemical_composition_of_Calotropis_gigantea Chemical Composition]</ref>
  
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<references>
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<ref name="Common names">Karnataka Aushadhiya Sasyagalu By Dr.Maagadi R Gurudeva, Page no:245</ref>
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<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.medicinalplantsanduses.com/aconitum-heterophyllum-medicinal-uses "medicinal plants"]</ref>
 
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<ref name="Leaf">[https://www.bimbima.com/herbs/ativisha/3956/ "bimbima"]</ref>
 
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum "wikipedea"]</ref>
 
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<ref name="Uses">[https://www.bimbima.com/herbs/medicinal-uses-of-madar-or-arka/688/ "bimbima"]</ref>
 
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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* [http://nif.org.in/CALOTROPIS-PROCERA Calotropis procera Ait on national innovation foundation=]
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* [https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_478 Calotropis procera Ait on global plants]
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* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876921/ Pharmacognostic standardization of leaves of Calotropis procera (Ait.)]
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* [http://www.science20.com/humboldt_fellow_and_science/blog/calotropis_procera_ait_rbr_arka_important_drug_ayurveda CALOTROPIS PROCERA (Ait.) R.Br. Arka, an important drug of Ayurveda]
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[[Category: Ayurvedic Pharmacopedia of India]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
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[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]]
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[[Category:Apocynaceae]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 25 March 2021

Sadapushpa, Mandara, Calotropis flower

Calotropis procera is a large shrub growing to 4m tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in color. This plant is belongs to Aslepiacea family.

Uses

Rheumatism, Painful joints, Skin blemishes, Leucoderma, Vitiligo, Piles, Pain in ears[1]

Parts Used

Roots, Bark, Flowers, Leaves, Latex.

Chemical Composition

The milky sap contains a complex mix of chemicals, some of which are steroidal heart poisons known as "cardiac aglycones".[2]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada Ekka, Ekkadagida, Ekkegida
Hindi Aak, Akavana, Madar
Malayalam Erikku
Tamil Erukku, Vellerukku
Telugu Jilledu
Marathi Rui
Gujarathi Aakado
Punjabi Ak
Kashmiri Vasa
Sanskrit Bhaanu, Ravi, Tapana, Arka
English Aakado

[3]

Properties

Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.

Dravya

Rasa

Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)

Guna

Laghu (Light), Sara, Snigdha

Veerya

Ushna (Hot)

Vipaka

Katu (Pungent)

Karma

Vatahara, Kaphahara, Bhedana, Deepana, Kshamighna

Prabhava

Habit

Large shrub

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
Simple Opposite Elliptic-ovate to obovate, greyish-green in colour and have entire margins, relatively thick (5-30 cm long and 4-15 cm wide) with a cordate leaf base. Secondary veins 5-7 pairs

[4]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
Borne in clusters 15-25 mm across White or Purplish Five Flowering occurs mostly during winter

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
Large 6-12 cm long and 3-7 cm wide These fruit have thick and spongy skins which split open at maturity Flattened seeds

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, Cuttings, Layering.

How to plant/cultivate

Succeeds in the drier tropics. Most commonly found in areas of the tropics with a specific dry season, at elevations up to 1,000 metres.[5]

Commonly seen growing in areas

Tropical area, Indian subcontinent.

Photo Gallery

  • Calotropis procera fruit

  • Buds

  • Leaves

  • Floral tassels made from Calotropis flowers.

References

  1. ↑ Medicinal uses of Madar
  2. ↑ Chemical Composition
  3. ↑ Karnataka Aushadhiya Sasyagalu By Dr.Maagadi R Gurudeva, Page no:245
  4. ↑ Kappatagudda - A Repertoire of Medicinal Plants of Gadag pdf, Page no - 91
  5. ↑ Cultivation Details

External Links

Retrieved from "https://ayurwiki.org/index.php?title=Calotropis_gigantea_-_Arka_plant&oldid=54268"