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Created page with "thumb|right|''Ekavira'', ''Bridelia retusa'' '''Ekavira''' is a deciduous tree, usually gro..."
[[File:Mulluvenga (Malayalam- മുള്ളുവേങ്ങ) (2957650349).jpg|thumb|right|''Ekavira'', ''Bridelia retusa'']]
'''Ekavira''' is a deciduous tree, usually growing up to 10 metres tall but occasionally to 20 metres. The bole is up to 30cm in diameter, armed with scattered, pointed thorns up to 4cm long. Trees may or may not possess spines on the trunk.The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine, food and source of a good quality wood.
==Uses==
{{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Dysentery}}, {{Uses|Arthritis}}, {{Uses|Diabetes}}, {{Uses|Hemorrhoids}}, {{Uses|Wound healing}}
<ref name="Uses"/>
==Parts Used==
{{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}
==Chemical Composition==
==Common names==
{{Common names|kn=garige, havugandha, mullabengha, mulluhonne, siruhonne|ml=mulluvenga, mullangayam, komanci|sa=asana, ekadivi, ekavira, mahavira, pasanabheda, sakridvira, suvarika|ta=acavai, adamarudu, malaivengai, mullumarathu, mulluvengai|te=bontavegi, dudimaddi, errabottuka, mulu maddi, peddaanem, putta karakasalaaka|hi=ekdania, kasai|en=}}
<ref name="Common names"/>
==Properties==
Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
===Dravya===
===Rasa===
Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)
===Guna===
Laghu (Light), Snigdha (Oily)
===Veerya===
Ushna (Hot)
===Vipaka===
===Karma===
Pitta, Vata
===Prabhava===
==Habit==
{{Habit|Tree}}
==Identification==
===Leaf===
{{Leaf|Simple|alternate|5-22 x 3-11 cm, broadly elliptic, oblong, elliptic-oblong, obovate or obovate-oblong, apex obtuse retuse or subacute, base round, obtuse, truncate, cordate or acute, margin entire or slightly crenulate, bright green and glabrous above(turning pinkish-brown before falling), glaucous and usually finely tomentose beneath, coriaceous; stipules 7 mm long, lateral, lanceolate, deciduous; petiole 9-15 mm long, stout, pubescent when young; lateral nerves 14-25 pairs, parallel, prominent, dichotomously forked near the margin, intercostae scalariform, prominent.}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
===Flower===
{{Flower|unisexual|axillary or terminal dense clusters|greenish yellow|5|some times paniculate spikes often exceeding the leaves; bracts scaly. Male flowers: 7 mm across, tepals 10, biseriate, valvate; outer tepals 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, thick, truncate, shortly connate, acute, inner ones 2 mm, obovate, cuneate, obtuse, fimbriate; stamens 5, monadelphous, born on a gonophore, exserted; filaments 0.7 mm, anthers oblong; pistillode bifurcate; disc annular. Female flowers: 6.5 mm across, tepals 10, biseriate, lanceolate, valvate; outer and inner 2.5 and 1.5 mm long, coriaceous, puberulous without, truncate, shortly connate, fimbriate, acute; ovary half inferior, globose, 2 x 1 mm, 2-locular, ovules 2 in each cell; styles 2, forked, 2 mm; stigmatiferous; disc with an inner, membranous, fimbriate corona enclosing basal part of ovary.}}
===Fruit===
{{Fruit|A drupe|7 - 8 mm||purplish-black, seated on the persistent, slightly enlarged calyx, pyrenes 2, epicarp crustaceous; seed one in each pyrene.|}}
===Other features===
==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
==Where to get the saplings==
==Mode of Propagation==
{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
==How to plant/cultivate==
===Season to grow===
===Soil type===
===Propagation===
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
{{Commonly seen|Tropical area}}.
==Photo Gallery==
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:Bridelia retusa (3665782638).jpg|Young leaves
File:Bridelia retusa.jpg|Leaves
File:Bridelia retusa (1250605721).jpg|Flowers
File:Bridelia retusa at Devagiri College Kozhikode.jpg|Fruits
File:কহিব (in Assamese) (2957646853).jpg|Leaves and fruit
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinous_Kino_tree_(1250593569).jp|Spines
</gallery>
==References==
<references>
<ref name="Uses">[http://www.ayurvedavignan.com/2011/08/bridelia-retusa.html Uses]</ref>
<ref name="Leaf">[http://keralaplants.in/flowering-plants-kerala-dvd.aspx Botonic description]</ref>
<ref name="Common names">[http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search Vernacular names]</ref>
</references>
==External Links==
* [http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Bridelia+retusa]
* [http://wildedibles.teriin.org/index.php?album=Wild-edibles/Fruits/Bridelia-retusa]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Plants of western ghats]]
[[Category:Tree]]
'''Ekavira''' is a deciduous tree, usually growing up to 10 metres tall but occasionally to 20 metres. The bole is up to 30cm in diameter, armed with scattered, pointed thorns up to 4cm long. Trees may or may not possess spines on the trunk.The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine, food and source of a good quality wood.
==Uses==
{{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Dysentery}}, {{Uses|Arthritis}}, {{Uses|Diabetes}}, {{Uses|Hemorrhoids}}, {{Uses|Wound healing}}
<ref name="Uses"/>
==Parts Used==
{{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}
==Chemical Composition==
==Common names==
{{Common names|kn=garige, havugandha, mullabengha, mulluhonne, siruhonne|ml=mulluvenga, mullangayam, komanci|sa=asana, ekadivi, ekavira, mahavira, pasanabheda, sakridvira, suvarika|ta=acavai, adamarudu, malaivengai, mullumarathu, mulluvengai|te=bontavegi, dudimaddi, errabottuka, mulu maddi, peddaanem, putta karakasalaaka|hi=ekdania, kasai|en=}}
<ref name="Common names"/>
==Properties==
Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
===Dravya===
===Rasa===
Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)
===Guna===
Laghu (Light), Snigdha (Oily)
===Veerya===
Ushna (Hot)
===Vipaka===
===Karma===
Pitta, Vata
===Prabhava===
==Habit==
{{Habit|Tree}}
==Identification==
===Leaf===
{{Leaf|Simple|alternate|5-22 x 3-11 cm, broadly elliptic, oblong, elliptic-oblong, obovate or obovate-oblong, apex obtuse retuse or subacute, base round, obtuse, truncate, cordate or acute, margin entire or slightly crenulate, bright green and glabrous above(turning pinkish-brown before falling), glaucous and usually finely tomentose beneath, coriaceous; stipules 7 mm long, lateral, lanceolate, deciduous; petiole 9-15 mm long, stout, pubescent when young; lateral nerves 14-25 pairs, parallel, prominent, dichotomously forked near the margin, intercostae scalariform, prominent.}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
===Flower===
{{Flower|unisexual|axillary or terminal dense clusters|greenish yellow|5|some times paniculate spikes often exceeding the leaves; bracts scaly. Male flowers: 7 mm across, tepals 10, biseriate, valvate; outer tepals 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, thick, truncate, shortly connate, acute, inner ones 2 mm, obovate, cuneate, obtuse, fimbriate; stamens 5, monadelphous, born on a gonophore, exserted; filaments 0.7 mm, anthers oblong; pistillode bifurcate; disc annular. Female flowers: 6.5 mm across, tepals 10, biseriate, lanceolate, valvate; outer and inner 2.5 and 1.5 mm long, coriaceous, puberulous without, truncate, shortly connate, fimbriate, acute; ovary half inferior, globose, 2 x 1 mm, 2-locular, ovules 2 in each cell; styles 2, forked, 2 mm; stigmatiferous; disc with an inner, membranous, fimbriate corona enclosing basal part of ovary.}}
===Fruit===
{{Fruit|A drupe|7 - 8 mm||purplish-black, seated on the persistent, slightly enlarged calyx, pyrenes 2, epicarp crustaceous; seed one in each pyrene.|}}
===Other features===
==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
==Where to get the saplings==
==Mode of Propagation==
{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
==How to plant/cultivate==
===Season to grow===
===Soil type===
===Propagation===
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
{{Commonly seen|Tropical area}}.
==Photo Gallery==
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:Bridelia retusa (3665782638).jpg|Young leaves
File:Bridelia retusa.jpg|Leaves
File:Bridelia retusa (1250605721).jpg|Flowers
File:Bridelia retusa at Devagiri College Kozhikode.jpg|Fruits
File:কহিব (in Assamese) (2957646853).jpg|Leaves and fruit
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinous_Kino_tree_(1250593569).jp|Spines
</gallery>
==References==
<references>
<ref name="Uses">[http://www.ayurvedavignan.com/2011/08/bridelia-retusa.html Uses]</ref>
<ref name="Leaf">[http://keralaplants.in/flowering-plants-kerala-dvd.aspx Botonic description]</ref>
<ref name="Common names">[http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search Vernacular names]</ref>
</references>
==External Links==
* [http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Bridelia+retusa]
* [http://wildedibles.teriin.org/index.php?album=Wild-edibles/Fruits/Bridelia-retusa]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Plants of western ghats]]
[[Category:Tree]]
_(2957650349).jpg){kind=link}