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The '''strychnine tree''' ('''Strychnos nux-vomica L.'''), also known as strychnine tree,<ref name="int"/> nux vomica, poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons, is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches (5.1–8.9 cm) in size.
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[[File:Strychnos nux-vomica 39.jpg|thumb|right|''Kapilu'']]
  
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It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine, derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit. The seeds contain approximately 1.5% strychnine, and the dried blossoms contain 1.0%. However, the tree's bark also contains brucine and other poisonous compounds.
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The '''strychnine tree''' also known as strychnine tree nux vomica, poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons, is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches in size.
  
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== Description ==
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==Uses==
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{{Uses|Wounds}}, {{Uses|Skin diseases}}, {{Uses|Scabies}}, {{Uses|Itching}}, {{Uses|Infections}}, {{Uses|Fever}}, {{Uses|Wounds}}, {{Uses|Acne}}, {{Uses|Skin problems}}, {{Uses|Body paralysis}}.
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==Parts Used==
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{{Parts Used|Seeds}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|Roots}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}
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==Chemical Composition==
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Thirteen alkaloids were isolated from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. They were identified as strychnine, beta-colubrine, pseudostrychnine, strychnine N-oxide, brucime, brucine N-oxide, novacine, icajine, vomicine, isostrychnine, isobrucine, isobrucine N-oxide and isostrychnine N-oxide by chemical and spectroscopic analysis.<ref name="chemical composition"/>
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==Common names==
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{{Common names|kn= ಹೆಮ್ಮುಷ್ಟಿ Hemushti, ಇಟ್ಟಿ Itti|ml=Chamram, Kanjiram|sa=Kapilu, Chipita|ta=etti, kagodi|te=mucidi, mushidi|hi=Bailewa, Chibbinge|en=Nux Vomica, Poison Nut|sa=Garadruma, Karaskarah|mr=Kajara, Kuchala}}
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<ref name="Common names"/>
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==Properties==
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Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
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===Dravya===
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===Rasa===
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Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)
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===Guna===
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Laghu (Light)
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===Veerya===
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Ushna (Hot)
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===Vipaka===
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Katu (Pungent)
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===Karma===
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Kapha, Vata
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===Prabhava===
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==Habit==
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{{Habit|Evergreen tree}}
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==Identification==
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===Leaf===
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{{Leaf|Simple|opposite|The leaves are opposite, short-stalked, oval, shining, smooth on both sides}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
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===Flower===
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{{Flower|Unisexual|2-4cm long|Yellow|5-20|The flowers are small, greenish-white, funnel-shaped, in small, terminal cymes, with a disagreeable odor}}
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===Fruit===
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{{Fruit|berry|7–10 mm|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|covered with a smooth|3-6}}
 
   
 
   
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Strychnos nux-vomica is a medium-sized tree with a short thick trunk. The wood is dense, hard white, and close-grained. The branches are irregular and are covered with a smooth ashen bark. The young shoots are a deep green colour with a shiny coat. The leaves have an opposite decussate arrangement, short stalked, are oval shaped, also have a shiny coat and are smooth on both sides. The leaves are about 4 inches (10 cm) long and 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide. The flowers are small with a pale green colour with a funnel shape. They bloom in the cold season and have a foul smell. The fruit are about the size of a large apple with a smooth and hard shell which when ripened is a mild shade orange colour. The flesh of the fruit is soft and white with a jelly-like pulp containing five seeds covered with a soft woolly substance.
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===Other features===
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==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
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* [[Vishatinduka Taila]]
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==Where to get the saplings==
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==Mode of Propagation==
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
  
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The seeds are removed from the fruit when ripe. They are then cleaned, dried and sorted. The seeds have the shape of a flattened disk completely covered with hairs radiating from the center of the sides. This gives the seeds a very characteristic sheen. The seeds are very hard, with a dark gray horny endosperm where the small embryo is housed that gives off no odor but possesses a very bitter taste. The plant is native to southeast Asia and Australia normally in tropical and subtropical areas.
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==How to plant/cultivate==
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Seedling of nux vomica
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A plant of the moist tropics. It is found in areas where the mean annual rainfall is in the range 1,200 - 3,500mm, Requires a sunny position<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
  
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The properties of nux vomica are those of the alkaloid strychnine. Strychnine is eliminated with a half-life of about 12 hours.<ref name="des"/>
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==Commonly seen growing in areas==
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{{Commonly seen|Tall grasslands}}, {{Commonly seen|Meadows}}, {{Commonly seen|Borders of forest area}}.
  
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== Uses ==
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==Photo Gallery==
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<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
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File:Strychnos nux-vomica (6941682288).jpg|Flowers
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File:Poison Nut Tree - കാഞ്ഞിരം 05.JPG|Fruits
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Poison Nut Tree - കാഞ്ഞിരം 03.JPG|Leaf
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File:Mustikaayalu.8.JPG|Fruits
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File:Strychnos nux-vomica single seed.jpg|Seed
  
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Strychnos is promoted within herbal medicine as being a treatment for a wide range of maladies including cancer and heart disease. There is however no evidence it is useful for treating any condition. Since the seeds contain strychnine poison, conventional doctors do not recommend it as a medicine.
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</gallery>
  
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In Ayurveda (the Indian system of medicine), hudar is a mixture containing Strychnos nux-vomica. The seeds are first immersed in water for five days, in milk for two days followed by their boiling in milk.<ref name="uses"/> In India, the quality/toxicity of traditional medical crude and processed Strychnos seeds can be controlled by examining the toxic alkaloids using established HPLC methods and/or HPLC-UV methods.
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==References==
  
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== References ==
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<references>  
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<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7912074 "chemical constituents"]</ref>
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<references>
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<ref name="int">[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=STNU4 "Strychnos nux-vomica"]</ref>
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<ref name="Leaf">[https://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/strychnos-nux.html "plant description"]</ref>
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<ref name="des">[http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc1549 "Case report: survival after deliberate strychnine self-poisoning, with toxicokinetic data"]</ref>
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<ref name="Common names">[https://sites.google.com/site/indiannamesofplants/via-species/s/strychnos-nux-vomica-l "Common names"]</ref>
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<ref name="uses">[http://journals.sfu.ca/africanem/index.php/ajtcam/article/view/487  "Use of Strychnos nux-vomica (azraqi) seeds in Unani system of medicine: role of detoxification"]</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Strychnos%20nux-vomica "Cultivation Details"]</ref>
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
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== External Links ==
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==External Links==
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* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/strychnos-nux-vomica Strychnos nuxvomica on science direct]
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnos_nux-vomica Strychnos nux-vomica]
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* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371563/ Strychnos nux-vomica seeds: Pharmacognostical standardization, extraction, and antidiabetic activity]
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* [http://www.stuartxchange.org/StrychninePlant.html Strychnos nuxvomica on stuartxchange.org]
  
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
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[[Category:Loganiaceae]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 17 June 2020

Kapilu

The strychnine tree also known as strychnine tree nux vomica, poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons, is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches in size.

Uses

Wounds, Skin diseases, Scabies, Itching, Infections, Fever, Wounds, Acne, Skin problems, Body paralysis.

Parts Used

Seeds, Bark, Roots, Leaves

Chemical Composition

Thirteen alkaloids were isolated from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. They were identified as strychnine, beta-colubrine, pseudostrychnine, strychnine N-oxide, brucime, brucine N-oxide, novacine, icajine, vomicine, isostrychnine, isobrucine, isobrucine N-oxide and isostrychnine N-oxide by chemical and spectroscopic analysis.[1]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada ಹೆಮ್ಮುಷ್ಟಿ Hemushti, ಇಟ್ಟಿ Itti
Hindi Bailewa, Chibbinge
Malayalam Chamram, Kanjiram
Tamil etti, kagodi
Telugu mucidi, mushidi
Marathi Kajara, Kuchala
Gujarathi NA
Punjabi NA
Kashmiri NA
Sanskrit Garadruma, Karaskarah
English Nux Vomica, Poison Nut

[2]

Properties

Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.

Dravya

Rasa

Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)

Guna

Laghu (Light)

Veerya

Ushna (Hot)

Vipaka

Katu (Pungent)

Karma

Kapha, Vata

Prabhava

Habit

Evergreen tree

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
Simple opposite The leaves are opposite, short-stalked, oval, shining, smooth on both sides

[3]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
Unisexual 2-4cm long Yellow 5-20 The flowers are small, greenish-white, funnel-shaped, in small, terminal cymes, with a disagreeable odor

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
berry 7–10 mm clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown covered with a smooth 3-6 {{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, Cuttings.

How to plant/cultivate

A plant of the moist tropics. It is found in areas where the mean annual rainfall is in the range 1,200 - 3,500mm, Requires a sunny position[4]

Commonly seen growing in areas

Tall grasslands, Meadows, Borders of forest area.

Photo Gallery

  • Flowers

  • Fruits

  • Leaf

  • Fruits

  • Seed

References

  1. ↑ "chemical constituents"
  2. ↑ "Common names"
  3. ↑ "plant description"
  4. ↑ "Cultivation Details"

External Links

Retrieved from "https://ayurwiki.org/index.php?title=Strychnos_nux-vomica_-_Kapilu&oldid=49863"