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Difference between revisions of "Warburgia salutaris - Pepper-bark tree"

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[[File:Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|right|''Warburgia salutaris'', ''Pepper-bark tree'']]
 
[[File:Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|right|''Warburgia salutaris'', ''Pepper-bark tree'']]
  
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'''Warburgia salutaris''' ('''pepper-bark tree''', Afrikaans: Peperbasboom, Sotho: Molaka, Venda: Mulanga, Zulu: Isibaha) is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a popular medicinal plant and is overharvested in the wild, another reason for its endangerment.<ref name="int"/> The Pepper-bark tree is a protected tree in South Africa. Various projects are investigating methods of propagation under controlled conditions with subsequent planting in the wild.<ref name="int2"/>
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'''Warburgia salutaris''' is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss.  
  
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== Description ==
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==Uses==
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{{Uses|Malaria}}, {{Uses|Cold}}, {{Uses|Chest pain}}, {{Uses|Cough}}, {{Uses|Muscle pains}}, {{Uses|Stomach aches}}, {{Uses|General body pains}}, {{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Sore throats}}
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==Parts Used==
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{{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}.
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==Chemical Composition==
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The major oil constituents were myrcene (27.5 %), limonene (16.9 %), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.5 %) among the monoterpenes, with α-humulene (5.6 %) and β-caryophyllene (4.7 %) among the sesquiterpenes.<ref name="chemical composition"/>
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==Common names==
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{{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Pepper-bark tree}}
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==Properties==
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Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
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===Dravya===
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===Rasa===
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Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)
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===Guna===
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Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)
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===Veerya===
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Ushna (Hot)
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===Vipaka===
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Katu (Pungent)
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===Karma===
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Kapha, Vata
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===Prabhava===
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==Habit==
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{{Habit|Evergreen tree}}
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==Identification==
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===Leaf===
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{{Leaf|Simple|Alternate|The leaves are simple, elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5-11 x 1-3 cm}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
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===Flower===
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{{Flower|Bisexual|7–10 mm|Green|5|Flowers Season is June - August}}
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===Fruit===
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{{Fruit||4 cm |Turning dark purple when ripe|Skin leathery, glandular, black when mature|2 or more}}
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===Other features===
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==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
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==Where to get the saplings==
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==Mode of Propagation==
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
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==How to plant/cultivate==
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A plant of the tropics, where it is found at elevations from 1,000 - 2,200 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 5 - 25°c, but can tolerate 10 - 35°<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
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==Commonly seen growing in areas==
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{{Commonly seen|Savannah woodland}}, {{Commonly seen|Coastal forest}}, {{Commonly seen|Afromontane forest}}.
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==Photo Gallery==
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<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
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Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg
 
   
 
   
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This is an erect tree growing up to about ten metres in maximum height, but known to reach 20 metres at times. It has a thick canopy of aromatic, shiny green leaves. The evergreen leaf blades are lance-shaped, measuring up to 11 cm long by 3 wide. The flowers have ten yellow-green petals. They are each just under a centimeter long and are solitary or borne in small clusters of up to 3. The fruit is a berry, leathery purple or black in color when ripe, measuring up to 4 cm wide.
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Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg
  
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== Uses ==
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Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, b.jpg
  
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*The leaves are used to add peppery flavoring to food and tea. The bitter taste of the tree's bark and leaves is due to the presence of iridoids. The aromatic, oily, yellowish wood is used for firewood.<ref name="int2"/>
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*This plant is used medicinally by the Maasai people to treat malaria.<ref name="uses"/> It is used as a snuff or smoked for respiratory complaints such as common cold and cough.
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Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg
  
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==common name==
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</gallery>
  
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* '''English''' - Pepper-bark tree
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==References==
  
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== References ==
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<references>  
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<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/22311866.2014.936908?journalCode=tbap20 Chemical constituents]</ref>
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<references>
 
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<ref name="int">[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/warburg.htm PlantzAfrica]</ref>
 
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<ref name="int2">[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Warburgia_salutaris.PDF W. salutaris. World Agroforestry.]</ref>
 
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<ref name="uses">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475560/ "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya".]</ref>
 
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</references>
 
  
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== External Links ==
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<ref name="Leaf">[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Warburgia_salutaris.PDF Plant description]</ref>
  
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburgia_salutaris Warburgia salutaris]
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Warburgia+salutaris Cultivation Details]</ref>
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</references>
  
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==External Links==
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* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629914001215 Warburgia salutaris on science direct]
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* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283940421_A_phytochemical_basis_for_the_potential_use_of_Warburgia_salutaris_pepper-bark_tree_leaves_in_the_place_of_bark A phytochemical basis for the potential use of Warburgia salutaris ]
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* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13880209.2013.837935 The genus Warburgia: A review of its traditional uses and pharmacology]
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* [http://globaltrees.org/threatened-trees/trees/pepper-bark-tree/ Warburgia salutaris on globaltrees.org]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
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[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have flower, fruit and leaf photos]]
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[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]]
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[[Category:Canellaceae]]

Latest revision as of 14:02, 3 September 2020

Warburgia salutaris, Pepper-bark tree

Warburgia salutaris is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Uses

Malaria, Cold, Chest pain, Cough, Muscle pains, Stomach aches, General body pains, Diarrhea, Sore throats

Parts Used

Leaves, Bark.

Chemical Composition

The major oil constituents were myrcene (27.5 %), limonene (16.9 %), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.5 %) among the monoterpenes, with α-humulene (5.6 %) and β-caryophyllene (4.7 %) among the sesquiterpenes.[1]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada
Hindi
Malayalam
Tamil
Telugu
Marathi NA
Gujarathi NA
Punjabi NA
Kashmiri NA
Sanskrit
English Pepper-bark tree


Properties

Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.

Dravya

Rasa

Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)

Guna

Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)

Veerya

Ushna (Hot)

Vipaka

Katu (Pungent)

Karma

Kapha, Vata

Prabhava

Habit

Evergreen tree

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
Simple Alternate The leaves are simple, elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5-11 x 1-3 cm

[2]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
Bisexual 7–10 mm Green 5 Flowers Season is June - August

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
4 cm Turning dark purple when ripe Skin leathery, glandular, black when mature 2 or more {{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, Cuttings.

How to plant/cultivate

A plant of the tropics, where it is found at elevations from 1,000 - 2,200 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 5 - 25°c, but can tolerate 10 - 35°[3]

Commonly seen growing in areas

Savannah woodland, Coastal forest, Afromontane forest.

Photo Gallery

  • Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg
  • Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg
  • Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, b.jpg
  • Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg

References

  1. ↑ Chemical constituents
  2. ↑ Plant description
  3. ↑ Cultivation Details

External Links

Retrieved from "https://ayurwiki.org/index.php?title=Warburgia_salutaris_-_Pepper-bark_tree&oldid=52097"