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Difference between revisions of "Ballota nigra - Black horehound"

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[[File:Ballota nigra 2005.06.19 10.13.06-p6190007.jpg|thumb|right|''Ballota nigra'']]
 
[[File:Ballota nigra 2005.06.19 10.13.06-p6190007.jpg|thumb|right|''Ballota nigra'']]
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'''Ballota nigra''' is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and to central Asia. It is also naturalized in Argentina, New Zealand, and the Eastern United States. It blooms in the Northern Hemisphere from May to August.
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Ballota nigra (black horehound) is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and to central Asia, and it can be found throughout Europe. It is also naturalized in Argentina, New Zealand, and the Eastern United States. It blooms in the Northern Hemisphere from May to August.
 
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==Uses==
 
==Uses==
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{{Uses|rheumatism}}, {{Uses|eye diseases}}, {{Uses|gonorrhea}}, {{Uses|diabetes}}, {{Uses|gout}}.
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{{Uses|Nervous dyspepsia}}, {{Uses|Travelling sickness}}, {{Uses|Morning sickness in pregnancy}}, {{Uses|Arthritis}}, {{Uses|Gout}}.
  
 
==Parts Used==
 
==Parts Used==
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{{Parts Used|Root}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}.
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{{Parts Used|Flowers}}.
  
 
==Chemical Composition==
 
==Chemical Composition==
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==Common names==
 
==Common names==
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{{Common names|kn=āvarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=āvārai|te=taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
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{{Common names|kn=Avarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=Avarai|te=Taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
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==Properties==
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Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
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===Dravya===
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 +
===Rasa===
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 +
===Guna===
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 +
===Veerya===
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===Vipaka===
 +
 
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===Karma===
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===Prabhava===
  
 
==Habit==
 
==Habit==
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{{Habit|branched shrub}}
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{{Habit|Perennial herb}}
  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
 
===Leaf===
 
===Leaf===
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{{Leaf|alternate|stipulate|The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8-12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both the ends}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
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{{Leaf|Opposite|Decussate|Range from oval-lanceolate to heart-shaped, with crenate or dentate border. Leaves, dark green and usually pubescent, measure 3–8 cm per 2–6 cm, and have 1–3 cm petiole.}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
  
 
===Flower===
 
===Flower===
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{{Flower|bisexual|2.5 cm long|bright yellow|5-20|The racemes are few-flowered, short, erect, crowded in axils of upper leaves so as to form a large terminal inflorescence stamens barren; the ovary is superior, unilocular, with marginal ovules.}}
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{{Flower|Bisexual|Length 9–10 mm, width 7 mm|Purple to withish, pink|Ovary is superior, with a single white style and a 2-parted stigma|Flower has an actinomorphic calyx, made up by five sepals fused together in a tube with five teeths}}
  
 
===Fruit===
 
===Fruit===
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{{Fruit|short legume|7.5–11 cm long, 1.5 cm broad|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, flat, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brown.|12-20 seeds}}
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{{Fruit|Cylindrical to ovoid|2 mm long|Each fertilized flower produces a tetrad of black nutlets|The basal end is flat and attached to the receptacle, while the top end is rounded or pointed.|12-20 seeds}}
  
 
===Other features===
 
===Other features===
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==Where to get the saplings==
 
==Where to get the saplings==
 
==Mode of Propagation==
 
==Mode of Propagation==
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}.
  
 
==How to plant/cultivate==
 
==How to plant/cultivate==
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Plants reach about 3 m height with 3.5 cm stem diameter in 2 years, in 4 years about 5 m height and 7 cm stem diameter. Flowering and fruiting is almost throughout the year, but in India there are usually two main flowering periods, one in the early monsoon and another in the late monsoon.<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
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Prefers a well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
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==Season to grow==
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<ref name="Season to grow"/>
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==Required Ecosystem/Climate==
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<ref name="Required Ecosystem/Climate"/>
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==Kind of soil needed==
  
 
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
 
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
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{{Commonly seen|dry regions of India}}, {{Commonly seen|sea coast}}, {{Commonly seen|dry zone in Sri Lanka}}.
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{{Commonly seen|Waste ground}}, {{Commonly seen|Hedgerows}}, {{Commonly seen|Shady places}}, {{Commonly seen|Preferring nitrogen-rich}}, {{Commonly seen|Moist}}
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==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
 
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
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File:Odermennig.jpg
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File:BALLOTA NIGRA - AGUDA - IB-546 (Malrubí negre).JPG|Flower
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File:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg
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Image:Ballota nigra 2005.06.19 10.13.06-p6190007.jpg|Leaves
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Image:Ballota_nigra_meridionalis.jpg|Buds
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Image:Ballota_nigra_fresnes-au-mont_55_03062007_1.jpg|Whole herb
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Image:Ballota_nigra_fresnes-au-mont_55_03062007_2.jpg|Fruits
  
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Image:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg
 
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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<references>  
 
<references>  
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<ref name="chemical composition">[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.679.2571&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Pharmacological"]</ref>
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<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/ballota-nigra.html Pharmacology]</ref>
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<ref name="Leaf">[http://eol.org/pages/703261/details "eol.ord"]</ref>
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<ref name="Leaf">[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/ballota/nigra/ Characteristics]</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.prota4u.org/database/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Senna+auriculata+(L.)+Roxb. "prota4u"]</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ballota+nigra Cultivation details"\]</ref>
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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* [http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/black-horehound Ballota nigra on nature gate]
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* [http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/b/ballota-nigra=black-horehound.php Ballota nigra on natural medicinal herbs]
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* [http://eol.org/pages/579636/names/common_names Ballota nigra on encyclopeea of life]
  
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
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[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]]
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[[Category:Lamiaceae]]

Latest revision as of 17:49, 29 October 2020

Ballota nigra

Ballota nigra is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and to central Asia. It is also naturalized in Argentina, New Zealand, and the Eastern United States. It blooms in the Northern Hemisphere from May to August.

Uses

Nervous dyspepsia, Travelling sickness, Morning sickness in pregnancy, Arthritis, Gout.

Parts Used

Flowers.

Chemical Composition

Ballota nigra contains diterpenoids like marrubiin, ballonigrin, ballotinone, ballotenol and 7-acetoxymarrubiin. Also, it contains phenylpropanoids that have shown to be antioxidants[1]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada Avarike
Hindi Tarwar
Malayalam
Tamil Avarai
Telugu Taṃgēḍu
Marathi NA
Gujarathi NA
Punjabi NA
Kashmiri NA
Sanskrit Aaavartaki
English Avaram senna


Properties

Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.

Dravya

Rasa

Guna

Veerya

Vipaka

Karma

Prabhava

Habit

Perennial herb

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
Opposite Decussate Range from oval-lanceolate to heart-shaped, with crenate or dentate border. Leaves, dark green and usually pubescent, measure 3–8 cm per 2–6 cm, and have 1–3 cm petiole.

.[2]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
Bisexual Length 9–10 mm, width 7 mm Purple to withish, pink Ovary is superior, with a single white style and a 2-parted stigma Flower has an actinomorphic calyx, made up by five sepals fused together in a tube with five teeths

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
Cylindrical to ovoid 2 mm long Each fertilized flower produces a tetrad of black nutlets The basal end is flat and attached to the receptacle, while the top end is rounded or pointed. 12-20 seeds {{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds.

How to plant/cultivate

Prefers a well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade[3]

Season to grow

[4]

Required Ecosystem/Climate

[5]

Kind of soil needed

Commonly seen growing in areas

Waste ground, Hedgerows, Shady places, Preferring nitrogen-rich, Moist

Photo Gallery

  • Flower

  • Leaves

  • Buds

  • Whole herb

  • Fruits

References

  1. ↑ Pharmacology
  2. ↑ Characteristics
  3. ↑ Cultivation details"\
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Season to grow
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Required Ecosystem/Climate

External Links

Retrieved from "https://ayurwiki.org/index.php?title=Ballota_nigra_-_Black_horehound&oldid=53247"