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Difference between revisions of "Warburgia salutaris - Pepper-bark tree"
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[[File:Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|right|''Warburgia salutaris'', ''Pepper-bark tree'']] | [[File:Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|right|''Warburgia salutaris'', ''Pepper-bark tree'']] | ||
| − | '''Warburgia salutaris''' | + | '''Warburgia salutaris''' is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss. |
| − | == | + | ==Uses== |
| + | {{Uses|Malaria}}, {{Uses|Cold}}, {{Uses|Chest pain}}, {{Uses|Cough}}, {{Uses|Muscle pains}}, {{Uses|Stomach aches}}, {{Uses|General body pains}}, {{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Sore throats}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Parts Used== | ||
| + | {{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Chemical Composition== | ||
| + | The major oil constituents were myrcene (27.5 %), limonene (16.9 %), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.5 %) among the monoterpenes, with α-humulene (5.6 %) and β-caryophyllene (4.7 %) among the sesquiterpenes.<ref name="chemical composition"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Common names== | ||
| + | {{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Pepper-bark tree}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Properties== | ||
| + | Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics. | ||
| + | ===Dravya=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Rasa=== | ||
| + | Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent) | ||
| + | ===Guna=== | ||
| + | Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp) | ||
| + | ===Veerya=== | ||
| + | Ushna (Hot) | ||
| + | ===Vipaka=== | ||
| + | Katu (Pungent) | ||
| + | ===Karma=== | ||
| + | Kapha, Vata | ||
| + | ===Prabhava=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Habit== | ||
| + | {{Habit|Evergreen tree}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Identification== | ||
| + | ===Leaf=== | ||
| + | {{Leaf|Simple|Alternate|The leaves are simple, elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5-11 x 1-3 cm}}<ref name="Leaf"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Flower=== | ||
| + | {{Flower|Bisexual|7–10 mm|Green|5|Flowers Season is June - August}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Fruit=== | ||
| + | {{Fruit||4 cm |Turning dark purple when ripe|Skin leathery, glandular, black when mature|2 or more}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Other features=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Where to get the saplings== | ||
| + | ==Mode of Propagation== | ||
| + | {{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==How to plant/cultivate== | ||
| + | A plant of the tropics, where it is found at elevations from 1,000 - 2,200 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 5 - 25°c, but can tolerate 10 - 35°<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Commonly seen growing in areas== | ||
| + | {{Commonly seen|Savannah woodland}}, {{Commonly seen|Coastal forest}}, {{Commonly seen|Afromontane forest}}. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px"> | ||
| + | Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg | ||
| − | + | Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg | |
| − | + | ||
| + | Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, b.jpg | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg | |
| − | + | </gallery> | |
| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | + | <references> | |
| − | + | <ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/22311866.2014.936908?journalCode=tbap20 Chemical constituents]</ref> | |
| − | <references> | ||
| − | <ref name=" | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | = | + | <ref name="Leaf">[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Warburgia_salutaris.PDF Plant description]</ref> |
| − | + | <ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Warburgia+salutaris Cultivation Details]</ref> | |
| + | </references> | ||
| + | ==External Links== | ||
| + | * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629914001215 Warburgia salutaris on science direct] | ||
| + | * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283940421_A_phytochemical_basis_for_the_potential_use_of_Warburgia_salutaris_pepper-bark_tree_leaves_in_the_place_of_bark A phytochemical basis for the potential use of Warburgia salutaris ] | ||
| + | * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13880209.2013.837935 The genus Warburgia: A review of its traditional uses and pharmacology] | ||
| + | * [http://globaltrees.org/threatened-trees/trees/pepper-bark-tree/ Warburgia salutaris on globaltrees.org] | ||
[[Category:Herbs]] | [[Category:Herbs]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have flower, fruit and leaf photos]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Canellaceae]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:02, 3 September 2020
Warburgia salutaris is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Contents
- 1 Uses
- 2 Parts Used
- 3 Chemical Composition
- 4 Common names
- 5 Properties
- 6 Habit
- 7 Identification
- 8 List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used
- 9 Where to get the saplings
- 10 Mode of Propagation
- 11 How to plant/cultivate
- 12 Commonly seen growing in areas
- 13 Photo Gallery
- 14 References
- 15 External Links
Uses
Malaria, Cold, Chest pain, Cough, Muscle pains, Stomach aches, General body pains, Diarrhea, Sore throats
Parts Used
Chemical Composition
The major oil constituents were myrcene (27.5 %), limonene (16.9 %), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.5 %) among the monoterpenes, with α-humulene (5.6 %) and β-caryophyllene (4.7 %) among the sesquiterpenes.[1]
Common names
| Language | Common name |
|---|---|
| Kannada | |
| Hindi | |
| Malayalam | |
| Tamil | |
| Telugu | |
| Marathi | NA |
| Gujarathi | NA |
| Punjabi | NA |
| Kashmiri | NA |
| Sanskrit | |
| English | Pepper-bark tree |
Properties
Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
Dravya
Rasa
Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)
Guna
Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)
Veerya
Ushna (Hot)
Vipaka
Katu (Pungent)
Karma
Kapha, Vata
Prabhava
Habit
Identification
Leaf
| Kind | Shape | Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | Alternate | The leaves are simple, elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5-11 x 1-3 cm |
Flower
| Type | Size | Color and composition | Stamen | More information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisexual | 7–10 mm | Green | 5 | Flowers Season is June - August |
Fruit
| Type | Size | Mass | Appearance | Seeds | More information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 cm | Turning dark purple when ripe | Skin leathery, glandular, black when mature | 2 or more | {{{6}}} |
Other features
List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used
Where to get the saplings
Mode of Propagation
How to plant/cultivate
A plant of the tropics, where it is found at elevations from 1,000 - 2,200 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 5 - 25°c, but can tolerate 10 - 35°[3]
Commonly seen growing in areas
Savannah woodland, Coastal forest, Afromontane forest.
Photo Gallery
References
External Links
Categories:
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Malaria
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Cold
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Chest pain
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Cough
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Muscle pains
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Stomach aches
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat General body pains
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Diarrhea
- Ayurvedic Herbs known to be helpful to treat Sore throats
- Herbs with Leaves used in medicine
- Herbs with Bark used in medicine
- Herbs with common name in English
- Habit - Evergreen tree
- Index of Plants which can be propagated by Seeds
- Index of Plants which can be propagated by Cuttings
- Herbs that are commonly seen in the region of Savannah woodland
- Herbs that are commonly seen in the region of Coastal forest
- Herbs that are commonly seen in the region of Afromontane forest
- Herbs
- Ayurvedic herbs that don't have flower, fruit and leaf photos
- Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos
- Canellaceae
