'''Turnera subulata''' is a species of flowering plant in the passion flower family. It is native to Central and South America, from Panama south to Brazil. It is well known in many other places as an introduced species, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, several other Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Florida in the United States. It is commonly cultivated as a garden flower.
Turnera subulata is a species of flowering plant in the passionflower family known by the common names white buttercup==Uses=={{Uses|Wounds}}, sulphur alder{{Uses|Cuts}}, politician's flower{{Uses|Snakebites}}, dark-eyed turnera{{Uses|Curing liver disorders}}, and white alder.<ref name="int"/> Despite its names{{Uses|Skin eruptions}}, it is not related to the buttercups or the alders. It is native to Central and South America{{Uses|Blotches}}, from Panama south to Brazil. It is well known in many other places as an introduced species{{Uses|Pimples}}, such as Malaysia{{Uses|Diarrhea}}, Indonesia, several other Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Florida in the United States. It is commonly cultivated as a garden flower.<ref name="int2"/>{{Uses|Sore throats}}
== Description Parts Used== This plant is a perennial herb growing from a thick taproot and woody stem base. It reaches a maximum height around 80 cm (31 in). The leaves are roughly oval in shape with toothed edges. The undersides are glandular and coated in white hairs. The upper surfaces may be somewhat hairy, as well. The leaves are up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long. Flowers occur in the leaf axils, borne in calyces of hairy, glandular sepals. The petals are rounded to oval, the longest exceeding 3 cm (1.2 in). They are white or yellowish with darker bases. The dark patches at the bases are nectar guides. The center of the flower is rough, feeling like a cat's tongue. The fruit is a hairy capsule containing seeds with white arils. The seeds are dispersed by ants, who are likely attracted to their high lipid content. The plant is pollinated by a variety of insects, including the bee Protomeliturga turnerae, which is oligolectic, specializing on this plant species and depending completely on it for reproduction{{Parts Used|Leaves}}.
== Uses Chemical Composition==The phytochemical study conducted here led to the isolation and identification of ten compounds present in T. subulata: two mixtures of steroids, sitosterol and stigmasterol (nonglycosylated and glycosylated); a mixture of flavonoids, 5,7,4′-trihidroxiflavona-8-C-α-glucopyranoside and 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahidroxiflavona-8-C-α-glucopyranosidel; and four phaeophyt<ref name="chemical composition"/>
This plant has uses in traditional medicine.<ref name="uses"/> It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments.<ref name="uses2"/> In Brazil, the plant is made into cough syrup, and the roots are said to be good for dysmenorrhea. Laboratory tests showed it has some inhibitory activity against various fungi, such as Candida glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Candida albicans.<ref nameCommon names="uses2"/> Hot water extracts of different parts of the plant (i.e. leaf, stem, root, flower and fruit) were also shown to have free radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities.={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Agrimony}}
==Common nameProperties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya===
* '''English''' - white buttercup===Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava===
== References Habit=={{Habit|Perennial plant}}
<references>==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple|ovate-elliptic|Leaves not crowded, ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, very distinctly dentate-serrate}}<ref name="intLeaf"/> ===Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|4 mm long|Yellow|5-20|Flowers in the higher leaf-axils. Petals with a slightly hairy}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit|General|7–10 mm|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown||-}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[http://wwwVishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract'' ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.hear.org ==How to plant/pier/species/turnera_subulata.htm Turnera subulata. US Forest Servicecultivate==The plant is widely cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics, where it often escapes from cultivation. It is reported to be invasive in several Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)]Islands<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/ref> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|stony fields or hillsides}}, {{Commonly seen|Often on open banks}}, {{Commonly seen|waste ground}}. ==Photo Gallery==<ref namegallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="int2140px">[httpsFile:Turnera subulata (1).jpgFile:Turnera subulata.jpgFile://npgswebTurnera subulata 2.ars-grinjpgFile:Turnera subulata (7).gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetailjpgFile:Turnera subulata 6539.aspx?317940 jpgFile:Turnera subulatain Chennai suburbs 03.]jpg</refgallery> ==References== <references><ref name="useschemical composition">[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102S0100-695X2007000300016&script=sci_abstract Comparative and pharmacobotanical study of the leaves of Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. and Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae).]</ref><ref name=40422014000400005 "uses2chemical constituets">[http://www.recentscientific.com/sites/default/files/Download_61.pdf Studies on the antifungal activity of Turnera subulata and Acacia nilotica against pathogenic fungal pathogens.]</ref></references>
<ref name="Leaf">[https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/special-pages/plant-detail.aspx?id= External Links ==2534 "plant morphology"]</ref>
*<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[httpshttp://entropical.wikipediatheferns.orginfo/wiki/Turnera_subulata viewtropical.php?id=Turnera subulata+ulmifolia "cultivation details"]</ref></references>
==External Links==
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027869151200556X Turnera subulata on science direct]
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13880200590962926?scroll=top&needAccess=true urnera subulata on tandfonline.com]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27602660 Turnera subulata Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages]
* [https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Turnera-Ulmifolia-Cid6149 Turnera subulata on herbpathy.com]
[[Category:Herbs]]
