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Sambucus nigra - Elderberry

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[[File:Sambucus nigra 004.jpg|thumb|right|''Sambucus nigra'', ''Elderberry'']]
'''Sambucus nigra''' is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae and it is native to most of Europe and North America. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry and European black elderberry.<ref name="int"/> It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.
== Description Uses=={{Uses|sinus infection}}, {{Uses|cold and flu symptoms.}}, {{Uses|blood sugar}}, {{Uses|Ease Allergies}}, {{Uses|Skin eruptions}}, {{Uses|diabetes}}, {{Uses|Cancer}}, {{Uses|acne}}, {{Uses|skin rashes}}
It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 6 m (20 ft) tall and wide (rarely 10m tall). The bark==Parts Used=={{Parts Used|Fruits}}, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin{{Parts Used|Flowers}}.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large, flat corymbs 10–25 cm diameter in late spring ==Chemical Composition==Elder flower contains flavonoids (up to mid summer3%) composed mainly of flavonol glycosides (astragalin, the individual flowers ivory whitehyperoside, 5–6 mm diameterisoquercitrin, with five petalsand rutin up to 1.9%) and free aglycones (quercetin and kaempferol); they are pollinated by flies.minerals (8?%), mainly potassium<ref name="chemical composition"/>
The fruit is a glossy dark purple to black berry 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably blackcaps. ==Common names=={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Elderberry}}
== Uses Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya===
*This plant is used as a medicinal plant by native peoples and herbalists.<ref name="uses"/> Stembark==Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), leavesKashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), flowersRuksha (Dry), fruits, and root extracts are used in bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory cold infections, and fever.[Clarification needed] Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===*Sambucus nigra fruits and flowers have been used in traditional Austrian medicine - internally Katu (fruits as tea, jelly, juice, or syrup; flowers as tea or syrupPungent) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and skin, and for viral infections, fever, colds, and influenza.<ref name===Karma==="uses2"/>*The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jamKapha, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce.Vata===Prabhava===
==common nameHabit=={{Habit|Shrub}}
* '''English''' - Elderberry==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple|Alternate|The leaves are made up of two or more discrete leaflets}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
== References =Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|2-4cm long|Yellow|5-20|Flowers Season is June - August}}
===Fruit==={{Fruit|General|7–10 mm|The fruit is fleshy||many}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract'' ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==Landscape Uses:Border, Container, Massing, Pollard, Standard, Seashore, Specimen. A very easily grown plant, it tolerates most soils and situations<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Wet and dry fertile soils}}, {{Commonly seen|Primarily in sunny locations}}, {{Commonly seen|Borders of forests and fields}}. ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">File:Sambucus_nigra_0001.JPGFile:Sambucus nigra 002.jpgFile:Sambucus nigra 001.jpgFile:Sambucus nigra 004.jpgFile:Sambucus nigra-Busch.jpgFile:Sambucus nigra1 ies.jpgFile:Old sambucus nigra.jpg|Old plantFile:Neuenkirchen holunder in schuppen.jpg</gallery> ==References== <references><ref name="intchemical composition">[https://plantswww.usdamdidea.govcom/coreproducts/profile?symbol=SANI4 Sambucus nigra at USDA PLANTS Databasenew/new07404.html "Pharmacology"]</ref> <ref name="usesLeaf">[httphttps://offroadinghomegobotany.djmednewenglandwild.netorg/resourcesspecies/sambucus/nigra/plants2.htm "Mojave Desert Large Shrubs and Vinesplant Characteristics"]</ref> <ref name="uses2How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.ncbipfaf.nlm.nih.govorg/pmc/articles/PMC3791396user/ plant.aspx?latinname=Sambucus+nigra "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugsCultivation details"]</ref>
</references>
== External Links ==* [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/sambucus-nigra.html Sambucus nigra on sigma aldrich]* [http://www.ppt-health.com/sambucol-and-sambucus/sambucol-active-constituents-and-mechanisms/ Sambucol Active Constituents and Mechanisms]* [https://www.french-gardens.com/plants/sambucus.php Sambucus nigra on .french-gardens.com]* [https://www.thespruce.com/growing-elderberry-sambucus-nigra-3269208 Growing the Common Elderberry - Sambucus nigra]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_nigra Sambucus nigra]
[[Category:Herbs]]
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