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Syzygium cumini - Jambu, Malabar plum

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[[File:1107Syzygium cumini Angelesfvf 04.JPG|thumb|right|'' Malabar plum'', ''Syzygium cumini'']]
'''Syzygium cumini''' is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae. Syzygium cumini is native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions of Southeast Asia.
==Uses==
{{Uses|Diabetes}}, {{Uses|Dysentery}}, {{Uses|Snakebites}}, {{Uses|Hyperglycaemia}}, {{Uses|Glycosuria}}, {{Uses|Wounds}}, {{Uses|Irregular menstruation}}, {{Uses|Mouth ulcers}}, {{Uses|Diarrhoea}}.
The common names used in English for '''===Food===Syzygium cumini''' is Indian Blackberry, '''Jambul''' and '''Java Plum'''. The common name can be used in Hindi is '''Jamun''' and in Sanskrit is '''Jambu'''Food. It is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family MyrtaceaeMature fruits are eaten raw. Syzygium cumini is native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions <ref name="Forest foods of Southeast Asia.Western Ghat"/>
== Description Parts Used== A slow growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. At the base of the tree, the bark is rough and dark grey, becoming lighter grey and smoother higher up. The wood is water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on{{Parts Used|Fruits}}.
The leaves which have an aroma similar to turpentine==Chemical Composition==Total phenolics, are pinkish when young, changing to a leatheryanthocyanins and flavonoid contents of pulp, glossy dark green with a yellow midrib as they maturerespectively. The leaves are used as food for livestock, as they have good nutritional valueKernel and seed coat contained total phenolics respectively.Flower bud and open flowersSyzygium cumini fruit color changing from green to pink to blood red to black as it matures<ref name="chemical composition"/>
Syzygium cumini trees start flowering from March to April. The flowers are fragrant and small, about 5 mm in diameter. The fruits develop by May or June and resemble large berries; the fruit of Syzygium species is described as "drupaceous".<ref name="uses"/> The fruit is oblong, ovoid. Unripe fruit looks green. As it matures, its color changes to pink, then to shining crimson red and finally to black color. A variant of the tree produces white coloured fruit. The fruit has a combination of sweet=Common names=={{Common names|kn=Jambunerale|ta=Nagai|hi=Jamun|en=Java plum, mildly sour and astringent flavour and tends to colour the tongue purple.Jamun}}
== Uses Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya===
'''===Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava======Nutritional components===Syzygium cumini has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient timesContains the Following nutritional components like - Ascorbic acid, acetic acid; thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, fructose and glucose carotene, vitamin A; folic acid, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic, dextrin, phytosterol, tannin, β-sitosterol. Some corilagin, ellagitannins, ellagic acid, gal-loyl-galactoside and gallic acid; chlorine, copper, iron, Magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, sulfur<ref name="Forest foods of the ailments this herb can help relieve are''' :Western Ghat"/>.
#'''Diabetes''': Syzygium cumini can incrase the production of insulin producing beta cells of pancreas. The seeds of the tree contain glucose, which is known as jamboline. It helps to control the conversion process of starch into sugars. Urine sugar levels can be reduced by consuming seeds of the herb.<ref name="uses2"/>#'''Stomach Problems''': The fruits of the above mentioned herb contain natural acids that help in the secretion of enzymes by the digestive glands and help to reduce stomach problems. The fruits are also considered to be a good anti scorbutic. The seeds are known to have gastro protective properties. This herb is also used to relieve diarrhea.#'''Mouth Problems''': the leaves of Syzygium cumini help in the absorption of vitamin E. The leaves also contain anti bacterial properties that can be used to relieve the inflammation of gums. They can also relieve mouth ulcerations as well as bad breath.#'''Plague''': Syzygium cumini can effectively remove the symptoms of the deadly disease of plague. And can prevent it from coming back.=Habit==#'''Diarrhea''': For relieving diarrhea in children the bark of the herb along with goat’s milk can be consumed. The fruit vinegar is also used for controlling persistant diarrhea.{{Habit|Evergreen shrub}}
== References Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple||The leaves are turpentine smell, and are opposite, 5-25 cm long, 2.5-10 cm wide, oblong-oval or elliptic, blunt or tapering to a point at the apex}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
===Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|2.5-10 cm|White, rose-pink|5-20|These are fragrant and appear in clusters 2.5-10 cm long, each being 1.25 cm wide and 2.5 cm long}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit|Oblong|1.25-5 cm long|The fruit is usually astringent, sometimes unpalatably so, and the flavour varies from acid to fairly sweet|With hooked hairs|2-5}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[Pushyanuga churna]] * [[Musli Khadiradi churna]] * [[Ushirasava]]<ref name="Ayurvedic preparations"/> ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==A plant of the tropics and subtropics, where it is found at elevations up to 1500 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 20 - 32°c, but can tolerate 12 - 48°c Seeds must be sown immediately after harvest, they germinate readily<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>. Syzygium cumini is available through March to June<ref name="Forest foods of Western Ghat"/>.  ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Tropical areas}}, {{Commonly seen|Subtropical forest areas}}, {{Commonly seen|Wet to fairly dry areas}}. ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">Image:Syzygium cumini Blanco1.174.pngImage:Syzygium cumini flowers.JPGImage:Semente partida de jambolão.JPG|SementeImage:Jamboleiro.JPG|TreeImage:Jambolão e Mosca.JPG|FlowerImage:Frutos de Jambolão.JPG|FruitsImage:Frutinhos de Jambolão.JPGImage:Flor de Jambolão.JPG|FlowerImage:Cacho de Jambolão.JPG|Fruits</gallery> ==References== <references><ref name="useschemical composition">[httphttps://www.eflorasncbi.nlm.orgnih.gov/pubmed/20836162 Chemical constituents]</ref> <ref name="Leaf">[http:/florataxon/ijpsr.aspxcom/bft-article/morphology-pytochemistry-and-pharmacology-of-syzygium-cumini-linn-an-overview/?flora_idview=2&taxon_idfulltext Botanical Discription]</ref><ref name=132166 "SyzygiumAyurvedic preparations">[https://easyayurveda.com/2013/01/29/jamun-benefits-usage-dose-side-effects-complete-ayurveda-details/ Ayurvedic preparations]</ref> <ref name="uses2How to plant/cultivate">[http://wwwtropical.alwaysayurvedatheferns.cominfo/syzygium-viewtropical.php?id=Syzygium+cuminiCultivation Details]</ ref><ref name="Forest foods of Western Ghat"Always Ayurveda-SYZYGIUM CUMINI>"Forest food for Northern region of Western Ghats"]by Dr. Mandar N. Datar and Dr. Anuradha S. Upadhye, Page No.145, Published by Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science (MACS) Agharkar Research Institute, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road, Pune</ref>
</references>
== External Links ==* [http://www.indianmirror.com/ayurveda/agrimony.html Syzygium cumini Indianmirror.com]*[https://enwww.wikipediapfaf.org/wikiuser/Syzygium_cumini Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrimonia+eupatoria Syzygium cuminiPfaf.org]* [https://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/agrimony-herb.html Syzygium cumini Herbal-Wikipediasupplement-resource.com]* [https://www.globalherbalsupplies.com/herb_information/agrimony.htm Syzygium cumini Globalherbalsupplies.com]* [https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/agrim015.html Syzygium cumini Botanical.com]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]]
[[Category:Myrtaceae]]
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