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Sambucus nigra - Elderberry

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[[File:Sambucus nigra 004.jpg|thumb|right|''Sambucus nigra'', ''Elderberry'']]
'''Sambucus nigra''' is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae and it is native to most of Europe and North America.
==Uses==
{{Uses|Sinus infection}}, {{Uses|Cold}}, {{Uses|Flu symptoms}}, {{Uses|Blood sugar}}, {{Uses|Ease Allergies}}, {{Uses|Skin eruptions}}, {{Uses|Diabetes}}, {{Uses|Cancer}}, {{Uses|Acne}}, {{Uses|Skin rashes}}
'''Sambucus nigra''' is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe and North America. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry and European black elderberry.<ref name="int"/> It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils=Parts Used=={{Parts Used|Fruits}}, primarily in sunny locations{{Parts Used|Flowers}}.
== Description Chemical Composition==Elder flower contains flavonoids (up to 3%) composed mainly of flavonol glycosides (astragalin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and rutin up to 1.9%) and free aglycones (quercetin and kaempferol); minerals (8?%), mainly potassium<ref name="chemical composition"/>
It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 6 m (20 ft) tall and wide (rarely 10m tall). The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.==Common names=={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Elderberry}}
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large==Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, flat corymbs 10–25 cm diameter in late spring to mid summerRasa - Taste, the individual flowers ivory whiteGuna - Qualities, 5–6 mm diameterVeerya - Potency, with five petals; they are pollinated by fliesVipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya===
The fruit is a glossy dark purple to black berry 3–5 mm diameter===Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), produced in drooping clusters in late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating birdsKashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), notably blackcaps. Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava===
== Uses Habit=={{Habit|Shrub}}
*This plant is used as a medicinal plant by native peoples and herbalists.<ref name="uses"/> Stembark, =Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple|Alternate|The leaves, flowers, fruits, and root extracts are used in bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory cold infections, and fever.[Clarification needed] *Sambucus nigra fruits and flowers have been used in traditional Austrian medicine - internally (fruits as tea, jelly, juice, made up of two or syrup; flowers as tea or syrup) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and skin, and for viral infections, fever, colds, and influenza.more discrete leaflets}}<ref name="uses2Leaf"/>*The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make jam, jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce.
==common name=Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|2-4cm long|Yellow|5-20|Flowers Season is June - August}}
* '''English''' - Elderberry===Fruit==={{Fruit|General|7–10 mm|The fruit is fleshy||Many}}
== References =Other features===
==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used== ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a cold frame, when it should germinate in early spring. Stored seed can be sown in the spring in a cold frame but will probably germinate better if it is given 2 months warm followed by 2 months cold stratification firs.<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Wet and dry fertile soils}}, {{Commonly seen|Primarily in sunny locations}}, {{Commonly seen|Borders of forests}}. ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">File:Sambucus nigra1 ies.jpgFile:Sambucus nigra, elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder. 5.jpg|LeavesFile:Sambucus nigra, bloeipluime, Louwsburg.jpg|FlowersFile:Nature-fft22.png|FlowersFile:Sambucus nigra 0004.JPG|FruitsFile:Common Elder - Sambucus nigra - geograph.org.uk - 1513147.jpg|FruitsFile:Sambucus nigra20100414 39.jpg|Seed</gallery> ==References== <references><ref name="intchemical composition">[https://plantswww.usdamdidea.govcom/coreproducts/profile?symbol=SANI4 Sambucus nigra at USDA PLANTS Databasenew/new07404.html Pharmacology]</ref> <ref name="usesLeaf">[httphttps://offroadinghomegobotany.djmednewenglandwild.netorg/species/sambucus/resourcesnigra/plants2.htm "Mojave Desert Large Shrubs and Vines"Plant Characteristics]</ref> <ref name="uses2How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nihpfaf.govorg/pmcuser/articles/PMC3791396/ "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs"plant.aspx?latinname=Sambucus+nigra Cultivation details]</ref>
</references>
== External Links ==* [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/sambucus-nigra.html Sambucus nigra on sigma aldrich]* [http://www.ppt-health.com/sambucol-and-sambucus/sambucol-active-constituents-and-mechanisms/ Sambucol Active Constituents and Mechanisms]* [https://www.french-gardens.com/plants/sambucus.php Sambucus nigra on .french-gardens.com]* [https://www.thespruce.com/growing-elderberry-sambucus-nigra-3269208 Growing the Common Elderberry - Sambucus nigra]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_nigra Sambucus nigra]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Adoxaceae]]
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