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Veratrum nigrum - Black false hellebore

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The plant was widely known even in ancient times. For example, Lucretius (ca. 99 BCE – ca. 55 BCE) and Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79) both knew of its medicinal emetic as well as deadly toxic properties.
== Description Uses== The plant has a robust black rhizome. Simple angiosperm leaves arranged in a whorled pattern emerge from the base of the plant. Each whorl is decussate (rotated by half the angle between the leaves in the whorl below){{Uses|lower blood pressure}}, with only two or three whorls around the base. Each leaf is sessile (attaching directly to the plant){{Uses|slow heart rate}}, and about 12 inches (300 mm) in length. The leaves are broad{{Uses|hypertension}}, glabrous (smooth){{Uses|cardiac failure}}, lanceolate in shape, with entire (smooth) edges. The veins in the leaves branch immediately from the base and run parallel through the leaf, leaving a pleated look. Long, green, coarse, woody spike racemes branch off in decussate patterns from the main trunk{{Uses|pre-eclampsia}}, with short pedicels supporting a single flower. The flowers are purple-black{{Uses|cancers}}, giving the plant its name{{Uses|skin disorders}}.
Veratrum nigrum blooms in early summer for several weeks, but goes dormant in intense summer heat. It tends to grow in colonies, and attains a height of about 4 feet (1.2 m). Its racemes branch out to about 24 inches (610 mm) in width. The seed heads are crimson in color.[8] Plants grown from seeds will generally push through the earth and sprout leaves in early spring==Parts Used=={{Parts Used|wholeplant}}.
== Uses Chemical Composition==Seed contains anthraquinones,namely; (aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin,obtusin, chrysoobtusin-2-O-beta-glucoside,physcion,emodin,chrysophanol,obtusifolin,obtusifolin-2-O-beta-D-glucoside, alaternin 2-O-β-Dglucopyranoside)15, brassinosteroids(brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol,teasterone, and 28-norcastasterone), andmonoglycerides (monopalmitin andmonoolein)16. Phenolic glycosides such asrubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusaringentiobioside, demethylflavasperonegentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside,torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysoneapioglucoside were also isolated 17<ref name="chemical composition"/>
*The dry root of Veratrum nigrum can lower blood pressure and slow heart rate, possibly by stimulating the vagus nerve, if taken in small doses internally.<ref name="uses"/>=Common names==* It has been used to treat hypertension and cardiac failure, and to treat pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.<ref name{{Common names|kn=āvarike|ml="uses2"/>*Cyclopamine is under investigation as a possible treatment for several cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma) and skin disorders (such as psoriasis), which result from excessive Hh activity.*In Asia, an extract of the herb is mixed with water in a 1 percent to 5 percent solution and used in many rural areas to kill fleas, their larvae, and their eggs in toilets.|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=āvārai|te=taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
=common name=Habit=={{Habit|Herbaceous Perennial}}
* '''English''' ==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|alternate|stipulate|The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8- Black false hellebore12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both the ends}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
===Flower==={{Flower|bisexual|2.5 cm long|bright yellow|5-20|The racemes are few-flowered, short, erect, crowded in axils of upper leaves so as to form a large terminal inflorescence stamens barren; the ovary is superior, unilocular, with marginal ovules.}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit|short legume|7.5–11 cm long, 1.5 cm broad|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, flat, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brown.|12-20 seeds}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract'' ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|root Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==Requires a deep fertile moisture retentive humus-rich soil<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|trophical}}.  ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">File:Odermennig.jpgFile:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg Image:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg</gallery> == References ==  <references><ref name="useschemical composition">Huang, The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, 1998, p[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.679.2571&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Pharmacological"]</ref><ref name="Leaf">[http://eol. 246org/pages/703261/details "eol.ord"]</ref> <ref name="uses2How to plant/cultivate">Barceloux, Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances, 2008, p[https://www. 815pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+nigrum "plants for future"]</ref>
</references>
== External Links ==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratrum_nigrum Veratrum nigrum]
[[Category:Herbs]]
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