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Difference between revisions of "Veratrum nigrum - Black false hellebore"

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The plant was widely known even in ancient times. For example, Lucretius (ca. 99 BCE – ca. 55 BCE) and Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79) both knew of its medicinal emetic as well as deadly toxic properties.
 
The plant was widely known even in ancient times. For example, Lucretius (ca. 99 BCE – ca. 55 BCE) and Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79) both knew of its medicinal emetic as well as deadly toxic properties.
  
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== Description ==
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==Uses==
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{{Uses|lower blood pressure}}, {{Uses|slow heart rate}}, {{Uses|hypertension}}, {{Uses|cardiac failure}}, {{Uses|pre-eclampsia}}, {{Uses|cancers}}, {{Uses|skin disorders}}.
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The plant has a robust black rhizome. Simple angiosperm leaves arranged in a whorled pattern emerge from the base of the plant. Each whorl is decussate (rotated by half the angle between the leaves in the whorl below), with only two or three whorls around the base. Each leaf is sessile (attaching directly to the plant), and about 12 inches (300 mm) in length. The leaves are broad, glabrous (smooth), lanceolate in shape, with entire (smooth) edges. The veins in the leaves branch immediately from the base and run parallel through the leaf, leaving a pleated look. Long, green, coarse, woody spike racemes branch off in decussate patterns from the main trunk, with short pedicels supporting a single flower. The flowers are purple-black, giving the plant its name.
 
  
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Veratrum nigrum blooms in early summer for several weeks, but goes dormant in intense summer heat. It tends to grow in colonies, and attains a height of about 4 feet (1.2 m). Its racemes branch out to about 24 inches (610 mm) in width. The seed heads are crimson in color.[8] Plants grown from seeds will generally push through the earth and sprout leaves in early spring.
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==Parts Used==
 +
{{Parts Used|wholeplant}}.
  
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== Uses ==
+
==Chemical Composition==
 +
Seed contains anthraquinones,namely; (aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin,obtusin, chrysoobtusin-2-O-beta-glucoside,physcion,emodin,chrysophanol,obtusifolin,obtusifolin-2-O-beta-D-glucoside, alaternin 2-O-β-Dglucopyranoside)15, brassinosteroids(brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol,teasterone, and 28-norcastasterone), andmonoglycerides (monopalmitin andmonoolein)16. Phenolic glycosides such asrubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusaringentiobioside, demethylflavasperone
 +
gentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside,torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysoneapioglucoside were also isolated 17<ref name="chemical composition"/>
  
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*The dry root of Veratrum nigrum can lower blood pressure and slow heart rate, possibly by stimulating the vagus nerve, if taken in small doses internally.<ref name="uses"/>
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==Common names==
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* It has been used to treat hypertension and cardiac failure, and to treat pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.<ref name="uses2"/>
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{{Common names|kn=āvarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=āvārai|te=taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
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*Cyclopamine is under investigation as a possible treatment for several cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma) and skin disorders (such as psoriasis), which result from excessive Hh activity.
 
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*In Asia, an extract of the herb is mixed with water in a 1 percent to 5 percent solution and used in many rural areas to kill fleas, their larvae, and their eggs in toilets.
 
  
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=common name==
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==Habit==
 +
{{Habit|Herbaceous Perennial}}
  
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* '''English''' - Black false hellebore
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==Identification==
 +
===Leaf===
 +
{{Leaf|alternate|stipulate|The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8-12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both the ends}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
  
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== References ==  
+
===Flower===
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<references>
+
{{Flower|bisexual|2.5 cm long|bright yellow|5-20|The racemes are few-flowered, short, erect, crowded in axils of upper leaves so as to form a large terminal inflorescence stamens barren; the ovary is superior, unilocular, with marginal ovules.}}
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<ref name="uses">Huang, The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, 1998, p. 246.</ref>  
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<ref name="uses2">Barceloux, Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances, 2008, p. 815.</ref>
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===Fruit===
 +
{{Fruit|short legume|7.5–11 cm long, 1.5 cm broad|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, flat, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brown.|12-20 seeds}}
 +
 
 +
===Other features===
 +
 
 +
==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
 +
* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract''
 +
 
 +
==Where to get the saplings==
 +
==Mode of Propagation==
 +
{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|root Cuttings}}.
 +
 
 +
==How to plant/cultivate==
 +
Requires a deep fertile moisture retentive humus-rich soil<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
 +
 
 +
==Commonly seen growing in areas==
 +
{{Commonly seen|trophical}}.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
 +
File:Odermennig.jpg
 +
File:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg
 +
 
 +
Image:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
 
 +
<references>  
 +
<ref name="chemical composition">[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.679.2571&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Pharmacological"]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Leaf">[http://eol.org/pages/703261/details "eol.ord"]</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+nigrum "plants for future"]</ref>
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
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== External Links ==
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==External Links==
  
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratrum_nigrum Veratrum nigrum]
 
  
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]

Revision as of 17:26, 13 April 2018

Veratrum nigrum, Black false hellebore

Veratrum nigrum (common name black false hellebore) is a widespread Eurasian species of perennial flower of the family Melanthiaceae. Despite its common name, V. nigrum is not closely related to the true hellebores, nor does it resemble them.

The plant was widely known even in ancient times. For example, Lucretius (ca. 99 BCE – ca. 55 BCE) and Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79) both knew of its medicinal emetic as well as deadly toxic properties.

Uses

lower blood pressure, slow heart rate, hypertension, cardiac failure, pre-eclampsia, cancers, skin disorders.

Parts Used

wholeplant.

Chemical Composition

Seed contains anthraquinones,namely; (aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin,obtusin, chrysoobtusin-2-O-beta-glucoside,physcion,emodin,chrysophanol,obtusifolin,obtusifolin-2-O-beta-D-glucoside, alaternin 2-O-β-Dglucopyranoside)15, brassinosteroids(brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol,teasterone, and 28-norcastasterone), andmonoglycerides (monopalmitin andmonoolein)16. Phenolic glycosides such asrubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusaringentiobioside, demethylflavasperone gentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside,torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysoneapioglucoside were also isolated 17[1]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada āvarike
Hindi Tarwar
Malayalam
Tamil āvārai
Telugu taṃgēḍu
Marathi NA
Gujarathi NA
Punjabi NA
Kashmiri NA
Sanskrit Aaavartaki
English Avaram senna


Habit

Herbaceous Perennial

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
alternate stipulate The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8-12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both the ends

.[2]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
bisexual 2.5 cm long bright yellow 5-20 The racemes are few-flowered, short, erect, crowded in axils of upper leaves so as to form a large terminal inflorescence stamens barren; the ovary is superior, unilocular, with marginal ovules.

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
short legume 7.5–11 cm long, 1.5 cm broad clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, flat, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brown. 12-20 seeds {{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, root Cuttings.

How to plant/cultivate

Requires a deep fertile moisture retentive humus-rich soil[3]

Commonly seen growing in areas

trophical.


Photo Gallery

  • Odermennig.jpg
  • Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg
  • Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg

References

  1. ↑ "Pharmacological"
  2. ↑ "eol.ord"
  3. ↑ "plants for future"

External Links

Retrieved from "https://ayurwiki.org/index.php?title=Veratrum_nigrum_-_Black_false_hellebore&oldid=12243"