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Solanum nigrum - Kakamachi

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[[File:Solanum nigrum leafs flowers fruits.jpg|thumb|right|''Kakamachi'Kakamachi']][[File:Solanum Nigrum Berries.jpg|thumb|right|''Kakamachi fruits' European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)<ref name="Solanum nigrum"/> or locally just black nightshade, duscle, garden nightshade, garden huckleberry, hound's berry, petty morel, wonder berry, small-fruited black nightshade, or popolo) is a species in the Solanum genus, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Parts of this plant can be toxic to livestock and humans. Nonetheless, ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine.]]
'''Kakamachi''' is native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Parts of this plant can be toxic to livestock and humans. Nonetheless, ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine.
== Medicinal uses Uses=={{Uses|Ulcer}}, {{Uses|Indigestion}}, {{Uses|Fever}}, {{Uses|Skin Diseases}}, {{Uses|Kidney problems}}, {{Uses|Jaundice}}, {{Uses|Pimples}}, {{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Sore throats}}
*The plant has a long history of medicinal usage==Parts Used=={{Parts Used|Fruits}}, dating back to ancient Greece. "... In the fourteenth century, we hear of the plant under the name of Petty Morel being used for canker and with Horehound and wine taken for dropsy." It was a traditional European medicine used as a strong sudorific, analgesic and sedative with powerful narcotic properties, but was considered a "somewhat dangerous remedy". Internal use has fallen out of favor in Western herbalism due to its variable chemistry and toxicity, but it is used topically as a treatment for herpes zoster{{Parts Used|Leaves}}.
*Kakamachi is an important ingredient in traditional Indian medicines. Infusions are used in dysentery==Chemical Composition==Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, stomach complaintssaponins, and fever. The juice of the plant is used on ulcers and other skin diseases.The fruits are used as a tonic, laxativetannins, appetite stimulantflavonoids, and for treating asthma and proteins<ref name="excessive thirstchemical composition".Traditionally the plant was used to treat tuberculosis. It is known as peddakasha pandla koora in the Telangana region. This plant's leaves are used to treat mouth ulcers that happen during winter periods of Tamil Nadu, India. It is known as manathakkali keerai in Tamil Nadu and kaage soppu in Karnataka, and apart from its use as a home remedy for mouth ulcers, is used in cooking like spinach. In North India, the boiled extracts of leaves and berries are also used to alleviate liver-related ailments, including jaundice. In Assam, the juice from its roots is used against asthma and whooping cough./>
*Kakamachi is a widely used plant in oriental medicine where it is considered to be antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, and antipyretic.==Common names=={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Agrimony}}
*Solanum nigrum is known to contain solasodine (a steroidal glycoalkaloid that can be used to make 16==Properties==Reference: Dravya -DPA progenitor); a possible commercial source could be via cultivating the hairy roots of this plantSubstance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya===
==Common name=Rasa===Tikta (Bitter)===Guna===Laghu (Light), Snigda (slimy)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava===
* '''Kannada''' - ಗನಿಕೆ ಹಣ್ಣು==Habit==* '''Hindi''' - Makoi{{Habit|Herb}}
==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple|Alternate|The leaves are Blade ovate, elliptic or diamond-shaped, thin, margin large-toothed or sometimes entire}}<ref name="Leaf"/> ===Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|6–14 mm|Yellow|5|Flowers Season is July–October}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit|Spherical|5–10 mm|black or sometimes green when ripe|slightly wider than long|-}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract'' ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==Black nightshade is cultivated as a food crop on several continents, including Africa and North America. The leaves of cultivated strains are eaten after cooking<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Tall grasslands}}, {{Commonly seen|meadows}}, {{Commonly seen|Borders of forests and fields}}. Gardens, yards, cultivated land, heaps of earth, wasteland, shores==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">File:Odermennig.jpgFile:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpgImage:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg</gallery> == References ==
<references>
<ref name="Solanum nigrumchemical composition">[http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lubi-lubi.html "chemical Constituents "]</ref> <ref name="Leaf">[http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/black-nightshade "plant description"]</ref> <ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum "wikipediacultivation details"]</ref>
</references>
 
==External Links==
* [http://naturalhomeremedies.co/Snigrum.html Solanum nigram Linn on natural home remedies]
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/solanum-nigrum Solanum nigram Linn on science direct]
* [https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/solanum/nigrum/ Solanum nigram Linn on gobotany.newenglandwild.org]
* [http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Solanum_nigrum.htm Solanum nigram Linn on trophical rainforest plants]
[[Category:Herbs]]
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