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Difference between revisions of "Salix nigra - Black willow"

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'''Salix nigra''' ('''black willow''') is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.
 
'''Salix nigra''' ('''black willow''') is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.
  
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== Description ==
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==Uses==
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{{Uses|Tentex forte}}, {{Uses|Muscle & Joint Rub}}, {{Uses|Impotency & Erectile dysfunction}}, {{Uses|Diarrhoea}}, {{Uses|Pharyngitis & Sore Throat}}, {{Uses|Toothache}}, {{Uses|Pyorrhea}}, {{Uses|Common Cold}}, {{Uses|Childhood apraxia of speech}}, {{Uses|Delayed Speech Development}}.
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It is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter. The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base. The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related European Salix fragilis) brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are 2–4 millimetres (1⁄16–3⁄16 in) long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The leaves are alternate, long, thin, 5–15 centimeters (2–6 in) long and 0.5–2 centimeters (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) broad, usually somewhat falcate, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short petiole and a pair of small stipules. It is dioecious, with small, greenish yellow to yellow flowers borne on catkins 2.5–7.5 centimeters (1–3 in) long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The fruit is a 5 millimeters (3⁄16 in) capsule which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered seeds. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall. It is typically found along streams and in swamps.<ref name="des"/><ref name="des2"/>
 
  
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Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) is sometimes included in S. nigra as a variety, as S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; when included, this extends the species' range to western North America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species.
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==Parts Used==
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{{Parts Used|Dried Roots}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Flower}}.
  
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Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with Salix myrtilloides (swamp willow).
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==Chemical Composition==
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Analysis has shown a brown, resinous, acrid substance, insoluble in potassium hydroxide and probably containing pelletonin, two oils soluble in potassium hydroxide - one dark brown and acrid, the other yellow - tannin, gum, potassium sulphate and carbonate, potassium chloride, calcium phosphate and carbonate, silica, alumina, lignin, etc.
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An alkaloid, Pyrethrine, yielding pyrethric acid, is stated to be the active principle.<ref name="chemical composition"/>
  
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== Uses ==
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==Common names==
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{{Common names|kn=|ml=Akkarakaaram|sa=Akarkarabh|ta=|te=|hi=Akarkara|en=Pellitory}}
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*Black willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for quinine in the past.<ref name="uses"/>
 
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*Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs.
 
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*The bark of the tree contains salicylic acid, a chemical compound similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
 
  
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==Common name==
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==Habit==
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{{Habit|Procumbent herb}}
  
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* '''English''' - Black willow
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==Identification==
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===Leaf===
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{{Leaf|simple|deciduous|petiolate, alternate, distichous, (2–)5–15 cm long, (0.3–)0.5–1.5(–2) cm wide, falcate or lanceolate, leaf margins serrate or serrulate, leaf apices acuminate, leaf bases cuneate or obtuse or rounded}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
  
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== References ==  
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===Flower===
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{{Flower|Unisexual|14-18cm long|Yellow, Circular|Androecium. Stamens 3–7 per flower.| Flowering February or March or April or May. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, catkins, flowers sessile. Flowers unisexual or pistillate or staminate. Perianth. Calyx absent. Corolla absent. Gynoecium. Ovaries superior, pistils 1 per flower. Gynoecium syncarpous, 2 carpels per flower, styles 1 per pistil, styles 0.2 mm long.}}
  
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<references>
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===Fruit===
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<ref name="des">[http://www.borealforest.org/world/trees/black_willow.htm Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: Salix nigra]</ref>
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{{Fruit|Fruits capsules|0.3–0.8 cm long|reddish-brown, fruit maturation 1 years|seeds many, ovoid.|}}
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<ref name="des2">[http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/SANI.htm Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra]</ref>
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<ref name="uses">[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8OYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA809&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false  Gunn's Newest Family Physician]</ref>
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===Other features===
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==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
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* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract''
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==Where to get the saplings==
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==Mode of Propagation==
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{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.
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==How to plant/cultivate==
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Pyrethrum var depressus (sometimes considered a separate species, Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as a spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. It produces mats of grey-green, ferny foliage and single daisy-like white flowers. It is suitable for growing in an alpine or rock garden. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/>
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==Commonly seen growing in areas==
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{{Commonly seen|Mediterranian}}, {{Commonly seen|Himalayas}}, {{Commonly seen|Arabian countries}}.
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==Photo Gallery==
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<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
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File:Anacyclus pyrethrum depressus habitus1.jpg|Var. ''depressus''
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File:Anacyclus pyrethrum depressus open.jpg|same plant, flower detail
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File:Anacyclus pyrethrum depressus closed.jpg|Var. ''depressus'', flowers closed
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</gallery>
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==References==
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<references>  
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<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.dabur.com/in/en-us/about/science-of-ayurveda/herbal-medicinal-plants/akarkara-plant "dabur medicinal plants"]</ref>
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<ref name="Leaf">[http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/SANI.htm/ "common trees"]</ref>
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<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacyclus_pyrethrum "Anacyclus pyrithum"]</ref>
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
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== External Links ==
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==External Links==
  
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_nigra Salix nigra]
 
  
 
[[Category:Herbs]]
 
[[Category:Herbs]]

Revision as of 13:16, 14 April 2018

Salix nigra, black willow

Salix nigra (black willow) is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.

Uses

Tentex forte, Muscle & Joint Rub, Impotency & Erectile dysfunction, Diarrhoea, Pharyngitis & Sore Throat, Toothache, Pyorrhea, Common Cold, Childhood apraxia of speech, Delayed Speech Development.

Parts Used

Dried Roots, Leaves, Flower.

Chemical Composition

Analysis has shown a brown, resinous, acrid substance, insoluble in potassium hydroxide and probably containing pelletonin, two oils soluble in potassium hydroxide - one dark brown and acrid, the other yellow - tannin, gum, potassium sulphate and carbonate, potassium chloride, calcium phosphate and carbonate, silica, alumina, lignin, etc. An alkaloid, Pyrethrine, yielding pyrethric acid, is stated to be the active principle.[1]

Common names

Language Common name
Kannada
Hindi Akarkara
Malayalam Akkarakaaram
Tamil
Telugu
Marathi NA
Gujarathi NA
Punjabi NA
Kashmiri NA
Sanskrit Akarkarabh
English Pellitory


Habit

Procumbent herb

Identification

Leaf

Kind Shape Feature
simple deciduous petiolate, alternate, distichous, (2–)5–15 cm long, (0.3–)0.5–1.5(–2) cm wide, falcate or lanceolate, leaf margins serrate or serrulate, leaf apices acuminate, leaf bases cuneate or obtuse or rounded

[2]

Flower

Type Size Color and composition Stamen More information
Unisexual 14-18cm long Yellow, Circular Androecium. Stamens 3–7 per flower. Flowering February or March or April or May. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, catkins, flowers sessile. Flowers unisexual or pistillate or staminate. Perianth. Calyx absent. Corolla absent. Gynoecium. Ovaries superior, pistils 1 per flower. Gynoecium syncarpous, 2 carpels per flower, styles 1 per pistil, styles 0.2 mm long.

Fruit

Type Size Mass Appearance Seeds More information
Fruits capsules 0.3–0.8 cm long reddish-brown, fruit maturation 1 years seeds many, ovoid. {{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, Cuttings.

How to plant/cultivate

Pyrethrum var depressus (sometimes considered a separate species, Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as a spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. It produces mats of grey-green, ferny foliage and single daisy-like white flowers. It is suitable for growing in an alpine or rock garden. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit[3]

Commonly seen growing in areas

Mediterranian, Himalayas, Arabian countries.

Photo Gallery

  • Var. depressus

  • same plant, flower detail

  • Var. depressus, flowers closed

References

  1. ↑ "dabur medicinal plants"
  2. ↑ "common trees"
  3. ↑ "Anacyclus pyrithum"

External Links

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