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Silybum marianum - Milk thistle

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'[[File:Silybum marianum 001.jpg|thumb|right|''Milk thistle''' (Silybum) is a genus of two species of thistles in the (daisy family).<ref name="int"/> The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in North America. The name "milk thistle" derives from a feature of the leaves, which are prominently banded with splashes of white. Historically, these milky bands were said to be Mother Mary's milk, and this is the origin of another common name, St. Mary's thistle. The most widespread species is Silybum marianum.<ref name="int2"/>'']]
'''Milk thistle''' is a genus of two species of thistles in the daisy family. The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in North America.  == Description Uses=={{Uses|Chronic hepatitis}}, {{Uses|Cirrhosis of the liver.}}, {{Uses|Diabetes}}, {{Uses|Liver disorders}}, {{Uses|Skin eruptions}}, {{Uses|Blotches}}, {{Uses|Pimples}}, {{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Sore throats}} ==Parts Used=={{Parts Used|Young stalks}}, {{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Roots}}, {{Parts Used|Flowers}}. ==Chemical Composition==Silymarin, a flavonoid complex that can be extracted from the seeds of milk thistle, is composed of three isomers7. Silymarin is typically extracted with 95% ethanol, yielding a bright yellow fluid, although one of the most studied and used milk thistle products, Legalon® (Madeus, Germany), is prepared via extraction with ethyl acetate<ref name="chemical composition"/> ==Common names=={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Milk thistle}} ==Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya=== ===Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava=== ==Habit=={{Habit|Biennial plant }} ==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple||The leaves of the milk thistle are oblong to lanceolate in shape}}<ref name="Leaf"/> ===Flower==={{Flower|Unisexual|4 and 12 cm|Yellow|5-20|Milk thistle flower heads average between 4 and 12 cm. long and wide, and are light purple in colour}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit|General|7–10 mm|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|-|-}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used== ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) is the most researched plant for the treatment of liver disease. Its therapeutic properties are due to the presence of silymarin, a mixture of three flavonolignans (silybin, silydianin and silycristin).<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Mediterranean regions}}, {{Commonly seen|Meadows}}, {{Commonly seen|Borders of forests}}. ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">(1) Milk thistle.jpg
Members of this genus grow as annual or biennial plants. The erect stem is tall, branched and furrowed but not spiny. The large, alternate leaves are waxy-lobed, toothed and thorny, as in other genera of thistle. The lower leaves are cauline (attached to the stem without petiole). The upper leaves have a clasping base. They have large, disc-shaped pink-to-purple, rarely white, solitary flower heads at the end of the stem. The flowers consist of tubular florets. The phyllaries under the flowers occur in many rows, with the outer row with spine-tipped lobes and apical spines. The fruit is a black achene with a white pappus.<ref name="des"/>
== Uses ==Mariendistel, fotografiert am Montjuïc.JPG 
*For many centuries extracts of milk thistle have been recognized as "liver tonics." [12] Milk thistle has been reported to have protective effects on the liver and to greatly improve its function. It is typically used to treat liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), toxin-induced liver damage including the prevention of severe liver damage from Amanita phalloides ('death cap' mushroom poisoning), and gallbladder disorders20130727Silybum marianum2.jpg
==Common name== 20130727Silybum marianum3.jpg
* '''English''' -Milk thistle
20130727Silybum marianum4.jpg </gallery> == References == <references><ref name="intchemical composition">[httphttps://www.tropicossigmaaldrich.orgcom/life-science/Namenutrition-research/100367561 Tropicos, Silybum Vailllearning-center/plant-profiler/silybum-marianum.html Pharmacology]</ref> <ref name="int2Leaf">[httphttps://luirigwww.altervistaediblewildfood.orgcom/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientificmilk-name=silybum+marianum Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo mariano, Blessed Milkthistle, Variegated Thistle, silybe de Marie, Mariendistel, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertnthistle.aspx Plant decsription]</ref> <ref name="desHow to plant/cultivate">[httphttps://www.eflorasresearchgate.orgnet/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024549 Flora publication/251617532_Cultivation_of_milk_thistle_Silybum_marianum_L_Gaertn_a_medicinal_weed Cultivation of North America, Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 164, Blessed milkthistle, Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791.milk thistle]</ref>
</references>
== External Links == * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/silybum-marianum Silybum on sceince direct]*[https://enwww.wikipediamdidea.com/products/herbextract/silymarin/data02.html Silybum on md idea.com]* [https://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/milk-thistle-herb.html Milk Thistle – Side Effects and Benefits]* [https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/wikispecies/silybum/marianum/Silybum Silybumon gobotany.newenglandwild.org] 
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic herbs that don't have seed photos]]
[[Category:Asteraceae]]
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