Difference between revisions of "Veratrum nigrum - Black false hellebore"

Latest revision as of 12:39, 1 September 2020

Veratrum nigrum, Black false hellebore

Veratrum nigrum is a widespread Eurasian species of perennial flower of the family Melanthiaceae. The plant was widely known even in ancient times.

Uses

Lower blood pressure, Slow heart rate, Hypertension, Cardiac failure, Pre-eclampsia, Cancer, Skin disorders.

Parts Used

Whole plant.

Chemical Composition

One new steroid alkaloid, 12β-hydroxylveratroylzygadenine and four known compounds, verdine, jervine, veramarine, and veratroylzygadenine, have been isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Veratrum nigrum L.^[1]

Common names

Language	Common name
Kannada	Aavarike
Hindi	Tarwar
Malayalam
Tamil	Aavārai
Telugu	Taṃgēḍu
Marathi	NA
Gujarathi	NA
Punjabi	NA
Kashmiri	NA
Sanskrit	Aaavartaki
English	Avaram senna

Properties

Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.

Dravya

Rasa

Katu (Pungent)

Guna

Laghu (Light), Tikshna (Sharp)

Veerya

Ushna (Hot)

Vipaka

Katu (Pungent)

Karma

Kapha, Vata

Prabhava

Habit

Herb

Identification

Leaf

Kind	Shape	Feature
Alternate	Deciduous	Nbloisg est frbdkaef lyodildn

^[2]

Flower

Type	Size	Color and composition	Stamen	More information
Nocturnal		Green	5-20	Rocltl peasod ubfelhonl, rwo ogn rbeern, Flower Time is Late winter and early spring

Fruit

Type	Size	Mass	Appearance	Seeds	More information
Short legume					{{{6}}}

Other features

List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used

Where to get the saplings

Mode of Propagation

Seeds, Root Cuttings.

How to plant/cultivate

Requires a deep fertile moisture retentive humus-rich soil^[3]

Commonly seen growing in areas

Trophical region, Woodland Garden, Cultivated Beds.

Photo Gallery

References

External Links

Veratrum nigrum on ballyrobertgardens

Veratrum nigrum on theplantlist.org

[chemical_composition-1] Chemical constituents

[Leaf-2] Morphology

[How_to_plant.2Fcultivate-3] Cultivation details

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Ciemiężyca czarna Veratrum nigrum flowers 01.jpg|thumb|right|''Veratrum nigrum'', ''Black false hellebore'']]
-'''Veratrum nigrum''' (common name '''black false hellebore''') is a widespread Eurasian species of perennial flower of the family Melanthiaceae. Despite its common name, V. nigrum is not closely related to the true hellebores, nor does it resemble them.
+'''Veratrum nigrum''' is a widespread Eurasian species of perennial flower of the family Melanthiaceae. The plant was widely known even in ancient times.
-The plant was widely known even in ancient times. For example, Lucretius (ca. 99 BCE – ca. 55 BCE) and Pliny the Elder (23 AD – August 25, 79) both knew of its medicinal emetic as well as deadly toxic properties.
 ==Uses==
-{{Uses|lower blood pressure}}, {{Uses|slow heart rate}}, {{Uses|hypertension}}, {{Uses|cardiac failure}}, {{Uses|pre-eclampsia}}, {{Uses|cancers}}, {{Uses|skin disorders}}.
+{{Uses|Lower blood pressure}}, {{Uses|Slow heart rate}}, {{Uses|Hypertension}}, {{Uses|Cardiac failure}}, {{Uses|Pre-eclampsia}}, {{Uses|Cancer}}, {{Uses|Skin disorders}}.
 ==Parts Used==
-{{Parts Used|wholeplant}}.
+{{Parts Used|Whole plant}}.
 ==Chemical Composition==
-Seed contains anthraquinones,namely; (aurantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin,obtusin, chrysoobtusin-2-O-beta-glucoside,physcion,emodin,chrysophanol,obtusifolin,obtusifolin-2-O-beta-D-glucoside, alaternin 2-O-β-Dglucopyranoside)15, brassinosteroids(brassinolide, castasterone, typhasterol,teasterone, and 28-norcastasterone), andmonoglycerides (monopalmitin andmonoolein)16. Phenolic glycosides such asrubrofusarin triglucoside, nor-rubrofusaringentiobioside, demethylflavasperone
+One new steroid alkaloid, 12β-hydroxylveratroylzygadenine and four known compounds, verdine, jervine, veramarine, and veratroylzygadenine, have been isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Veratrum nigrum L.<ref name="chemical composition"/>
-gentiobioside, torachrysone gentiobioside,torachrysone tetraglucoside and torachrysoneapioglucoside were also isolated 17<ref name="chemical composition"/>
 ==Common names==
-{{Common names|kn=āvarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=āvārai|te=taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
+{{Common names|kn=Aavarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=Aavārai|te=Taṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}}
+==Properties==
+Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.
+===Dravya===
+===Rasa===
+Katu (Pungent)
+===Guna===
+Laghu (Light), Tikshna (Sharp)
+===Veerya===
+Ushna (Hot)
+===Vipaka===
+Katu (Pungent)
+===Karma===
+Kapha, Vata
+===Prabhava===
 ==Habit==
-{{Habit|Herbaceous Perennial}}
+{{Habit|Herb}}
 ==Identification==
 ===Leaf===
-{{Leaf|alternate|stipulate|The leaves are alternate, stipulate, paripinnate compound, very numerous, closely placed, rachis 8.8-12.5 cm long, narrowly furrowed, slender, pubescent, with an erect linear gland between the leaflets of each pair, leaflets 16-24, very shortly stalked 2-2.5 cm long 1-1.3 cm broad, slightly overlapping, oval oblong, obtuse, at both the ends}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>
+{{Leaf|Alternate|Deciduous|Nbloisg est frbdkaef lyodildn}}<ref name="Leaf"/>
 ===Flower===
-{{Flower|bisexual|2.5 cm long|bright yellow|5-20|The racemes are few-flowered, short, erect, crowded in axils of upper leaves so as to form a large terminal inflorescence stamens barren; the ovary is superior, unilocular, with marginal ovules.}}
+{{Flower|Nocturnal||Green|5-20|Rocltl peasod ubfelhonl, rwo ogn rbeern, Flower Time is Late winter and early spring}}
 ===Fruit===
-{{Fruit|short legume|7.5–11 cm long, 1.5 cm broad|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crown|oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, flat, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brown.|12-20 seeds}}
+{{Fruit|Short legume||||}}
 ===Other features===
 ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==
-* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract''
 ==Where to get the saplings==
 ==Mode of Propagation==
-{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|root Cuttings}}.
+{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Root Cuttings}}.
 ==How to plant/cultivate==
@@ Line 44: / Line 56: @@
 ==Commonly seen growing in areas==
-{{Commonly seen|trophical}}.
+{{Commonly seen|Trophical region}}, {{Commonly seen|Woodland Garden}}, {{Commonly seen|Cultivated Beds}}.
 ==Photo Gallery==
 <gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">
-File:Odermennig.jpg
-File:Agrimonia eupatoria02.jpg
-Image:Agrimonia eupatoria MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg
+Blad van Veratrum nigrum.jpg
+Ciemiężyca czarna Veratrum nigrum flowers 01.jpg
+Ciemiężyca czarna Veratrum nigrum flowers.JPG
+Ciemiężyca czarna Veratrum nigrum fruit.jpg
+Kýchavice černá.jpg
+PP Na Pilavě 02 - porost s kýchavicí černou (Veratrum nigrum).JPG
+Verartrum nigrum 02.JPG
+Veratrum nigrum (9008600237).jpg
 </gallery>
@@ Line 58: / Line 90: @@
 <references>
-<ref name="chemical composition">[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.679.2571&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Pharmacological"]</ref>
+<ref name="chemical composition">[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020802133266 Chemical constituents]</ref>
-<ref name="Leaf">[http://eol.org/pages/703261/details "eol.ord"]</ref>
+<ref name="Leaf">[https://garden.org/plants/view/117704/Black-False-Hellebore-Veratrum-nigrum/ Morphology]</ref>
-<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+nigrum "plants for future"]</ref>
+<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+nigrum Cultivation details]</ref>
 </references>
 ==External Links==
+* [https://www.ballyrobertgardens.com/products/veratrum-nigrum Veratrum nigrum on  ballyrobertgardens ]
+* [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-291285 Veratrum nigrum on theplantlist.org]
 [[Category:Herbs]]
+[[Category:Melanthiaceae]]