Changes

 '''Ballota nigra (black horehound) ''' is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and to central Asia, and it can be found throughout Europe. It is also naturalized in Argentina, New Zealand, and the Eastern United States. It blooms in the Northern Hemisphere from May to August. 

{{Uses|rheumatismNervous dyspepsia}}, {{Uses|eye diseasesTravelling sickness}}, {{Uses|gonorrheaMorning sickness in pregnancy}}, {{Uses|diabetesArthritis}}, {{Uses|goutGout}}.

{{Parts Used|Root}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}, {{Parts Used|LeavesFlowers}}.

{{Common names|kn=āvarikeAvarike|ml=|sa=Aaavartaki|ta=āvāraiAvarai|te=taṃgēḍuTaṃgēḍu|hi=Tarwar|en=Avaram senna}} ==Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya=== ===Rasa=== ===Guna=== ===Veerya=== ===Vipaka=== ===Karma=== ===Prabhava===

{{Habit|branched shrubPerennial herb}}

{{Leaf|oppositeOpposite|decussateDecussate|range Range from oval-lanceolate to heart-shaped, with crenate or dentate border. Leaves, dark green and usually pubescent, measure 3–8 cm per 2–6 cm, and have 1–3 cm petiole. Upper face is wrinkled, with a net-like vein patter}}.<ref name="Leaf"/>

{{Flower|bisexualBisexual|length Length 9–10 mm, width 7 mm|purple Purple to withish, pink|Ovary is superior, with a single white style and a 2-parted stigma|Flower has an actinomorphic calyx, made up by five sepals fused together in a tube with five teeths}}

{{Fruit|short legumeCylindrical to ovoid|7.5–11 cm 2 mm long, 1.5 cm broad|clearly grooved lengthwise, Lowest hooked hairs aligned towards crownEach fertilized flower produces a tetrad of black nutlets|oblong, obtuse, tipped with long style base, The basal end is flatand attached to the receptacle, thin, papery, undulately crimpled, pilose, pale brownwhile the top end is rounded or pointed.|12-20 seeds}}

{{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}.

Plants reach about 3 m height with 3.5 cm stem diameter Prefers a well-drained soil in 2 years, in 4 years about 5 m height and 7 cm stem diameter. Flowering and fruiting is almost throughout the year, but in India there are usually two main flowering periods, one in the early monsoon and another in the late monsoon.full sun or partial shade<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Season to grow==<ref name="Season to grow"/> ==Required Ecosystem/Climate==<ref name="Required Ecosystem/Climate"/> ==Kind of soil needed==

{{Commonly seen|dry regions of IndiaWaste ground}}, {{Commonly seen|sea coastHedgerows}}, {{Commonly seen|dry zone in Sri LankaShady places}}, {{Commonly seen|Preferring nitrogen-rich}}, {{Commonly seen|Moist}}. 

File:OdermennigBALLOTA NIGRA - AGUDA - IB-546 (Malrubí negre).JPG|FlowerImage:Ballota nigra 2005.06.19 10.13.06-p6190007.jpg|LeavesImage:Ballota_nigra_meridionalis.jpg|BudsImage:Ballota_nigra_fresnes-au-mont_55_03062007_1.jpg|Whole herbFileImage:Agrimonia eupatoria02Ballota_nigra_fresnes-au-mont_55_03062007_2.jpg|Fruits

<ref name="chemical composition">[httphttps://citeseerxwww.istsigmaaldrich.psu.educom/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/viewdocplant-profiler/download?doi=10.1.1.679ballota-nigra.2571&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Pharmacological"html Pharmacology]</ref><ref name="Leaf">[httphttps://eolgobotany.newenglandwild.org/pagesspecies/ballota/703261nigra/details "eol.ord"Characteristics]</ref><ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[https://www.prota4upfaf.org/databaseuser/protav8Plant.aspaspx?g=pe&pLatinName=SennaBallota+auriculata+(L.)+Roxb. "prota4unigra Cultivation details"\]</ref>