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'''Warburgia salutaris''' ('''pepper-bark tree''', Afrikaans: Peperbasboom, Sotho: Molaka, Venda: Mulanga, Zulu: Isibaha) is a species of tree in the Canellaceae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a popular medicinal plant and is overharvested in the wild, another reason for its endangerment.<ref name="int"/> The Pepper-bark tree is a protected tree in South Africa. Various projects are investigating methods of propagation under controlled conditions with subsequent planting in the wild.<ref name="int2"/>

== Description Uses=={{Uses|malaria}}, {{Uses|colds}}, {{Uses|chest pains}}, {{Uses|coughs}}, {{Uses|muscle pains}}, {{Uses|stomach aches}}, {{Uses|general body pains}}, {{Uses|Diarrhea}}, {{Uses|Sore throats}} ==Parts Used=={{Parts Used|Leaves}}, {{Parts Used|Bark}}. ==Chemical Composition==The major oil constituents were myrcene (27.5 %), limonene (16.9 %), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.5 %) among the monoterpenes, with α-humulene (5.6 %) and β-caryophyllene (4.7 %) among the sesquiterpenes.<ref name="chemical composition"/> ==Common names=={{Common names|kn=|ml=|sa=|ta=|te=|hi=|en=Agrimony}} ==Properties==Reference: Dravya - Substance, Rasa - Taste, Guna - Qualities, Veerya - Potency, Vipaka - Post-digesion effect, Karma - Pharmacological activity, Prabhava - Therepeutics.===Dravya=== ===Rasa===Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)===Guna===Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry), Tikshna (Sharp)===Veerya===Ushna (Hot)===Vipaka===Katu (Pungent)===Karma===Kapha, Vata===Prabhava=== ==Habit=={{Habit|Evergreen Tree}} ==Identification=====Leaf==={{Leaf|Simple|alternate|The leaves are simple, elliptic to lanceolate, 4.5-11 x 1-3 cm}}<ref name="Leaf"/> ===Flower==={{Flower|Bisexual|7–10 mm|green|5|Flowers Season is June - August}} ===Fruit==={{Fruit||4 cm |Turning dark purple when ripe|skin leathery, glandular, black when mature|2 or more}} ===Other features=== ==List of Ayurvedic medicine in which the herb is used==* [[Vishatinduka Taila]] as ''root juice extract'' ==Where to get the saplings====Mode of Propagation=={{Propagation|Seeds}}, {{Propagation|Cuttings}}. ==How to plant/cultivate==A plant of the tropics, where it is found at elevations from 1,000 - 2,200 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 5 - 25°c, but can tolerate 10 - 35°<ref name="How to plant/cultivate"/> ==Commonly seen growing in areas=={{Commonly seen|Savannah woodland}}, {{Commonly seen|coastal forest}}, {{Commonly seen|Afromontane forest}}. ==Photo Gallery==<gallery class="left" caption="" widths="140px" heights="140px">Warburgia salutaris, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg

This is an erect tree growing up to about ten metres in maximum heightWarburgia salutaris, but known to reach 20 metres at times. It has a thick canopy of aromaticloof en blomme, shiny green leaves. The evergreen leaf blades are lance-shapedManie van der Schijff BT, measuring up to 11 cm long by 3 wide. The flowers have ten yellow-green petals. They are each just under a centimeter long and are solitary or borne in small clusters of up to 3. The fruit is a berry, leathery purple or black in color when ripe, measuring up to 4 cm wide.jpg

*The leaves are used to add peppery flavoring to food and tea. The bitter taste of the tree's bark and leaves is due to the presence of iridoids. The aromatic Warburgia salutaris, loof en blomme, oilyManie van der Schijff BT, yellowish wood is used for firewood.<ref name="int2"/>*This plant is used medicinally by the Maasai people to treat malaria.<ref name="uses"/> It is used as a snuff or smoked for respiratory complaints such as common cold and coughc.jpg

== References == <references><ref name="intchemical composition">[httphttps://www.plantzafricatandfonline.com/plantwxyzdoi/warburg.htm PlantzAfrica]<abs/ref><ref name="int2">[http://www.worldagroforestry10.org/treedb21080/AFTPDFS/Warburgia_salutaris22311866.PDF W2014. salutaris. World Agroforestry.]</ref><ref name936908?journalCode=tbap20 "useschemical constituents">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475560/ "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya".]</ref></references>

<ref name== External Links =="Leaf">[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Warburgia_salutaris.PDF "plant description"]</ref>

*<ref name="How to plant/cultivate">[httpshttp://entropical.wikipediatheferns.orginfo/wiki/Warburgia_salutaris viewtropical.php?id=Warburgia +salutaris"Cultivation Details"]</ref></references>